Lesson 75 Latinum Institute Botanical Latin Reading Course

Latin Lesson 75: aliquis -quae -quod (some, any; si quis, si quid: anyone who, anything that)

Part A (Interleaved English and Latin Text)

75.1 Aliqua some planta plant semper always aquam water requīrit requires

75.2 Botanista botanist aliquid something novum new in in horto garden invēnit finds

75.3 Sī if quis anyone rōsam rose cultīvat cultivates, spīnās thorns cavēat let him beware

75.4 Aliquae some arbores trees hiems in winter folia leaves retinent retain

75.5 Experimentum experiment aliquod some tempus time longum long requīrit requires

75.6 Sī if quid something in in solo soil germinat, sprouts, notāmus we note

75.7 Aliquis someone auctor author dicit says plantās plants sensūs senses habere to have

75.8 In in aliquō some loco place herbae herbs luxuriōsē abundantly crēscunt grow

75.9 Aliqua some species species tantum only in in montibus mountains habitant live

75.10 Sī if quis anyone flores flowers colligit gathers, moderātion with moderation agat let him act

75.11 Aliquid something toxicum toxic in in rādice root invēnērunt they found

75.12 Aliquae some fungi mushrooms edules edible sunt are

75.13 Sī if quid anything rubrum red vidēs you see in in bacca, berry, venenum poison suspicāre suspect

75.14 Aliquis some hortulānus gardener compostum compost semper always ūsat uses

75.15 In in aliquā some stagione season plantae plants dormium dormancy intrāre enter

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Part B (Complete Sentences)

75.1 Aliqua planta semper aquam requīrit. Some plant always requires water.

75.2 Botanista aliquid novum in horto invēnit. The botanist finds something new in the garden.

75.3 Sī quis rōsam cultīvat, spīnās cavēat. If anyone cultivates a rose, let him beware of thorns.

75.4 Aliquae arbores hiems folia retinent. Some trees retain leaves in winter.

75.5 Experimentum aliquod tempus longum requīrit. Some experiment requires a long time.

75.6 Sī quid in solo germinat, notāmus. If something sprouts in the soil, we observe it.

75.7 Aliquis auctor dicit plantās sensūs habere. Some author says that plants have senses.

75.8 In aliquō loco herbae luxuriōsē crēscunt. In some place, herbs grow abundantly.

75.9 Aliqua species tantum in montibus habitant. Some species live only in mountains.

75.10 Sī quis flores colligit, moderātion agat. If anyone gathers flowers, let him act with moderation.

75.11 Aliquid toxicum in rādice invēnērunt. They found something toxic in the root.

75.12 Aliquae fungi edules sunt. Some mushrooms are edible.

75.13 Sī quid rubrum vidēs in bacca, venenum suspicāre. If you see anything red in a berry, suspect poison.

75.14 Aliquis hortulānus compostum semper ūsat. Some gardener always uses compost.

75.15 In aliquā stagione plantae dormium intrāre. In some season, plants enter dormancy.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

75.1 Aliqua planta semper aquam requīrit.

75.2 Botanista aliquid novum in horto invēnit.

75.3 Sī quis rōsam cultīvat, spīnās cavēat.

75.4 Aliquae arbores hiems folia retinent.

75.5 Experimentum aliquod tempus longum requīrit.

75.6 Sī quid in solo germinat, notāmus.

75.7 Aliquis auctor dicit plantās sensūs habere.

75.8 In aliquō loco herbae luxuriōsē crēscunt.

75.9 Aliqua species tantum in montibus habitant.

75.10 Sī quis flores colligit, moderātion agat.

75.11 Aliquid toxicum in rādice invēnērunt.

75.12 Aliquae fungi edules sunt.

75.13 Sī quid rubrum vidēs in bacca, venenum suspicāre.

75.14 Aliquis hortulānus compostum semper ūsat.

75.15 In aliquā stagione plantae dormium intrāre.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation)

The pronouns "aliquis/aliqua/aliquid" mean "some" or "any" when used in affirmative sentences, and "anyone" or "anything" in conditional sentences (especially with "si quis" and "si quid").

Forms and Declensions:

Masculine:

• Nominative: aliquis

• Genitive: alicuius

• Dative: alicui

• Accusative: aliquem

• Ablative: aliquō

Feminine:

• Nominative: aliqua

• Genitive: alicuius

• Dative: alicui

• Accusative: aliquam

• Ablative: aliquā

Neuter:

• Nominative: aliquid

• Genitive: alicuius

• Dative: alicui

• Accusative: aliquid

• Ablative: aliquō

Key Points for English Speakers:

1. Gender Agreement: The pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, number, and case.

2. si quis/si quid: When used with "si" (if), these forms mean "anyone who" or "anything that."

3. Adjective vs. Pronoun: Can function as both a pronoun (standing alone) and an adjective (modifying a noun).

4. Word Order: Common positions include:

   • Before the noun it modifies (aliqua planta)

   • At the beginning of conditional clauses (sī quis)

   • After the verb in some constructions

5. Common Biological Usage:

   • Describing specimens: "aliqua planta" (some plant)

   • Conditional observations: "sī quid germinat" (if anything sprouts)

   • General statements: "aliquae species" (some species)

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Part E (Cultural Context)

For English speakers working with post-classical and botanical Latin, understanding "aliquis" and its variants requires attention to how this pronoun functions in scientific discourse:

Botanical and Scientific Usage:

1. Specimen Description: When botanists describe plant specimens, "aliquis" often indicates an individual example from a larger group ("aliqua planta" = "a certain plant").

2. General Statements: In taxonomic descriptions, this pronoun helps make generalizations about species behavior or characteristics.

3. Experimental Language: Scientific texts use these forms when describing observations that apply to some, but not all, instances.

4. Conditional Observations: The "si quis" construction appears frequently in field guides and botanical keys when describing conditional characteristics.

Modern Scientific Applications:

• Field notebooks: "aliquid novum" (something new) for recording discoveries

• Research papers: "aliquod experimentum" (some experiment) when referring to specific studies

• Taxonomic keys: "si quid" constructions for identification criteria

Historical Development:

The use of "aliquis" in botanical Latin reflects the medieval and Renaissance tradition of scientific observation, where specific instances were used to illustrate broader principles about the natural world.

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Part F (Literary Citation)

From Carl Linnaeus's "Species Plantarum" (1753):

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

Sī if quid anything planta plant florifera flowering in in horto garden botanico botanical crēscit, grows, accurate carefully observāre to observe oportet it is necessary, ut so that species species vera true agnoscī may be recognized possit. can be. Aliquis some color color in in petalis petals variābilis variable est, is, sed but structura structure floris of flower semper always constans constant manet. remains.

Part F-B (Complete Translation)

Sī quid planta florifera in horto botanico crēscit, accurate observāre oportet, ut species vera agnoscī possit. Aliquis color in petalis variābilis est, sed structura floris semper constans manet.

If any flowering plant grows in the botanical garden, it is necessary to observe carefully, so that the true species can be recognized. Some color in the petals is variable, but the structure of the flower always remains constant.

Part F-C (Latin Text Only)

Sī quid planta florifera in horto botanico crēscit, accurate observāre oportet, ut species vera agnoscī possit. Aliquis color in petalis variābilis est, sed structura floris semper constans manet.

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

This passage demonstrates several key constructions with "aliquis":

1. Conditional with quid: "sī quid planta florifera crēscit" - classic botanical use of the conditional form

2. Purpose clause: "ut species vera agnoscī possit" - showing the purpose of careful observation

3. Aliquis as adjective: "aliquis color" - showing the pronoun modifying a noun

4. Present subjunctive: "possit" in the purpose clause

5. Contrast structure: "sed" introducing the contrasting permanent nature of flower structure

The text exemplifies how Linnaeus used these constructions in his foundational taxonomic work, establishing patterns still used in botanical Latin today.

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Genre Section: Scientific Field Notes

Part A (Interleaved Text)

75.16 In in aliquō some prato meadow humido moist species species rarae rare orchis orchid inventa found est was

75.17 Sī if quid anything similiter similarly coloratum colored appāret appears in in vicīnia, vicinity, samples samples collecti collected sunt were

75.18 Aliquae some foliae leaves maculās spots nigras black ostendunt show quae which fungī fungus infectio infection esse to be vidētur seems

75.19 Sī if quis anyone simile similar symptoma symptom observat observes in in aliīs other plantis, plants, spargimen spread esse to be potest can

75.20 Aliquid something unguentum ointment flavum yellow ex from aliquā some florā flower emanat flows quod which pollinatio pollination indicat indicates

75.21 In in aliquō some cortice bark arboris of tree larvae larvae latent hide quae which metamorphosin metamorphosis subitura about to undergo sunt are

75.22 Sī if quid anything germinale germinal in in humo soil emergit, emerges, photographiae photographs fīunt are made ad for documentum documentation

75.23 Aliquis some coleoptera beetle frequens frequent visitātor visitor certārum of certain florum flowers est is quod which pollinem pollen transfert transfers

75.24 Aliquae some radices roots profundius more deeply quam than normal normal extenduntur extend ut so that aquam water accipiant they may receive

75.25 Sī if quis anyone similem similar adaptationem adaptation observat observes in in aliīs other speciebus, species, notitiae notes comparativae comparative fiant let be made

75.26 In in aliquā some regione region montānā mountainous alpinae alpine plantae plants peculiary peculiarly adaptātae adapted sunt are

75.27 Aliquid something crystallinum crystalline in in superficiē surface foliae of leaf appāret appears quod which rosam dew condensātem condensed esse to be potest can

75.28 Sī if quid anything motile moving sub under lapide stone motu by movement velocī rapid fugit, flees, habitātor dweller typicus typical esse to be probabliter probably

75.29 Aliqua some cortex bark arborum of trees senscens aging characteren feature distincan distinct habent have pro for identificatione identification

75.30 In in aliquī some temporis time puncto point horae of hour matutīnae morning aliquae some flores flowers aperiuntur open dum while aliae others clausae closed manent remain

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Part B (Complete Sentences)

75.16 In aliquō prato humido species rara orchis inventa est. In some moist meadow, a rare orchid species was found.

75.17 Sī quid similiter coloratum appāret in vicīnia, samples collecti sunt. If anything similarly colored appears in the vicinity, samples were collected.

75.18 Aliquae foliae maculās nigras ostendunt quae fungī infectio esse vidētur. Some leaves show black spots which appear to be a fungal infection.

75.19 Sī quis simile symptoma observat in aliīs plantis, spargimen esse potest. If anyone observes a similar symptom on other plants, there may be spread.

75.20 Aliquid unguentum flavum ex aliquā florā emanat quod pollinatio indicat. Some yellow ointment flows from a certain flower which indicates pollination.

75.21 In aliquō cortice arboris larvae latent quae metamorphosin subitura sunt. In some tree bark, larvae hide which are about to undergo metamorphosis.

75.22 Sī quid germinale in humo emergit, photographiae fīunt ad documentum. If anything germinal emerges from the soil, photographs are taken for documentation.

75.23 Aliquis coleoptera frequens visitātor certārum florum est quod pollinem transfert. Some beetle is a frequent visitor of certain flowers that transfers pollen.

75.24 Aliquae radices profundius quam normal extenduntur ut aquam accipiant. Some roots extend deeper than normal so that they may receive water.

75.25 Sī quis similem adaptationem observat in aliīs speciebus, notitiae comparativae fiant. If anyone observes a similar adaptation in other species, comparative notes should be made.

75.26 In aliquā regione montānā alpinae plantae peculiary adaptātae sunt. In some mountainous region, alpine plants are peculiarly adapted.

75.27 Aliquid crystallinum in superficiē foliae appāret quod rosam condensātem esse potest. Something crystalline appears on the leaf surface which could be condensed dew.

75.28 Sī quid motile sub lapide motu velocī fugit, habitātor typicus esse probabliter. If anything mobile flees rapidly under the stone, it is probably a typical dweller.

75.29 Aliqua cortex arborum senscens characteren distincan habent pro identificatione. Some aging bark of trees has distinct features for identification.

75.30 In aliquī temporis puncto horae matutīnae aliquae flores aperiuntur dum aliae clausae manent. At some point of the morning hour, some flowers open while others remain closed.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

75.16 In aliquō prato humido species rara orchis inventa est.

75.17 Sī quid similiter coloratum appāret in vicīnia, samples collecti sunt.

75.18 Aliquae foliae maculās nigras ostendunt quae fungī infectio esse vidētur.

75.19 Sī quis simile symptoma observat in aliīs plantis, spargimen esse potest.

75.20 Aliquid unguentum flavum ex aliquā florā emanat quod pollinatio indicat.

75.21 In aliquō cortice arboris larvae latent quae metamorphosin subitura sunt.

75.22 Sī quid germinale in humo emergit, photographiae fīunt ad documentum.

75.23 Aliquis coleoptera frequens visitātor certārum florum est quod pollinem transfert.

75.24 Aliquae radices profundius quam normal extenduntur ut aquam accipiant.

75.25 Sī quis similem adaptationem observat in aliīs speciebus, notitiae comparativae fiant.

75.26 In aliquā regione montānā alpinae plantae peculiary adaptātae sunt.

75.27 Aliquid crystallinum in superficiē foliae appāret quod rosam condensātem esse potest.

75.28 Sī quid motile sub lapide motu velocī fugit, habitātor typicus esse probabliter.

75.29 Aliqua cortex arborum senscens characteren distincan habent pro identificatione.

75.30 In aliquī temporis puncto horae matutīnae aliquae flores aperiuntur dum aliae clausae manent.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation with Field Notes Context)

In scientific field notes, "aliquis" and its variations serve specific functions that help botanists and biologists record observations precisely:

1. Indicating Uncertainty:

• "aliqua species" - when exact identification is pending

• "aliquid unguentum" - when substance type is unknown

• "in aliquō prato" - when location is one of several similar areas

2. Conditional Observations:

• "sī quis observat" - applicable to any researcher

• "sī quid appāret" - for phenomena that may or may not occur

• "sī quid germinale emergit" - for conditional sprouting events

3. Quantitative Descriptions:

• "aliquae foliae" - some, but not all leaves

• "aliquae radices" - certain roots showing specific behavior

• "aliquae flores" - particular flowers in a pattern

4. Technical Documentation:

• "aliquis coleoptera" - specific but unidentified beetle

• "aliqua regione montānā" - particular mountainous location

• "aliquid crystallinum" - unknown crystalline substance

5. Comparative Observations:

• "similiter" with "aliquid" for like observations

• "normal" compared to "aliquae" variations

• "aliīs speciebus" relating to "aliquis"

Special Field Note Constructions:

• Time expressions: "in aliquī temporis puncto"

• Location markers: "in aliquō cortice," "sub lapide"

• Identification notes: "pro identificatione," "ad documentum"

These patterns help maintain scientific precision while acknowledging the uncertainties inherent in field observation work.

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