Lesson 4 The Latinum Institute Ecclesiastical Latin Reading Course

Lectio IV: The Enclitic 'que' (and)

A Reading Lesson for English Speakers Learning Post-Classical and Medieval Latin

Part A (Interleaved English and Latin Text)

4.1 The Lord Dominus and que the Spirit Spiritus guide us nos ducunt

4.2 The bread panis and que the wine vinum are blessed benedicuntur

4.3 The priest sacerdos and que the people populus pray orant

4.4 Heaven caelum and que earth terra praise Him Eum laudant

4.5 Grace gratia and que truth veritas came venerunt

4.6 The body corpus and que the blood sanguis sanctify sanctificant

4.7 Light lux and que darkness tenebrae separate separantur

4.8 Angels angeli and que saints sancti worship adorant

4.9 Faith fides and que works opera save salvant

4.10 The cross crux and que the crown corona symbolize significant

4.11 Peace pax and que justice iustitia reign regnant

4.12 The shepherd pastor and que the flock grex gather congregantur

4.13 Wisdom sapientia and que love caritas guide ducunt

4.14 The church ecclesia and que the faithful fideles celebrate celebrant

4.15 Life vita and que death mors transform transformant

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Part B (Complete Sentences with Translations)

4.1 Dominusque Spiritus nos ducunt. The Lord and the Spirit guide us.

4.2 Panisque vinum benedicuntur. The bread and wine are blessed.

4.3 Sacerdosque populus orant. The priest and the people pray.

4.4 Caelumque terra Eum laudant. Heaven and earth praise Him.

4.5 Gratiaque veritas venerunt. Grace and truth came.

4.6 Corpusque sanguis sanctificant. The body and blood sanctify.

4.7 Luxque tenebrae separantur. Light and darkness separate.

4.8 Angelique sancti adorant. Angels and saints worship.

4.9 Fidesque opera salvant. Faith and works save.

4.10 Cruxque corona significant. The cross and crown symbolize.

4.11 Paxque iustitia regnant. Peace and justice reign.

4.12 Pastorque grex congregantur. The shepherd and flock gather.

4.13 Sapientiaque caritas ducunt. Wisdom and love guide.

4.14 Ecclesiaque fideles celebrant. The church and the faithful celebrate.

4.15 Vitaque mors transformant. Life and death transform.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

4.1 Dominusque Spiritus nos ducunt.

4.2 Panisque vinum benedicuntur.

4.3 Sacerdosque populus orant.

4.4 Caelumque terra Eum laudant.

4.5 Gratiaque veritas venerunt.

4.6 Corpusque sanguis sanctificant.

4.7 Luxque tenebrae separantur.

4.8 Angelique sancti adorant.

4.9 Fidesque opera salvant.

4.10 Cruxque corona significant.

4.11 Paxque iustitia regnant.

4.12 Pastorque grex congregantur.

4.13 Sapientiaque caritas ducunt.

4.14 Ecclesiaque fideles celebrant.

4.15 Vitaque mors transformant.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation for English Speakers)

The enclitic 'que' is a fundamental connecting word in Latin that English speakers should understand carefully:

1. Basic Function:

   • 'Que' means "and"

   • It always attaches to the end of the second word it connects

   • It's written as one word with what it follows

2. Key Differences from English:

   • Unlike English "and" which stands alone, 'que' attaches to words

   • Example: "panis vinum" becomes "panisque vinum" (bread and wine)

3. Usage Rules:

   • Never starts a sentence

   • Always follows the word it connects

   • Creates one unit with its host word

4. Pronunciation Guide for English Speakers:

   • The 'que' is pronounced as "kweh"

   • Stress remains on the original word

   • Example: paˈnisque (PAH-nis-kweh)

5. Common Patterns for English Learners:

   • Noun + que + noun (most common)

   • Abstract concepts paired together

   • Liturgical paired items

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Part E (Cultural Context for English Speakers)

The use of 'que' in Christian Latin texts reflects important theological and liturgical concepts:

1. Liturgical Pairs:

   • Bread and wine (panisque vinum)

   • Body and blood (corpusque sanguis) These pairs are fundamental to Christian worship

2. Historical Context:

   • Medieval scribes often used 'que' to save space in manuscripts

   • Common in prayers and hymns where rhythm matters

3. Modern Usage:

   • Still used in Catholic liturgical Latin

   • Found frequently in church documents

   • Important for reading Christian texts

4. Cultural Significance:

   • Pairs often represent theological completeness

   • Used in formal religious language

   • Reflects Latin's continued role in Christianity

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Part F (Literary Citation)

F-A (Interleaved Text)

From the Te Deum: Heaven caeli and que earth terra are full pleni sunt of de Your glory gloria tua

F-B (Complete Translation)

"Caelique terra pleni sunt de gloria tua" Heaven and earth are full of Your glory

F-C (Literary Analysis)

The Te Deum is one of the most ancient Christian hymns, still used today. This line demonstrates the elegant use of 'que' to connect heaven and earth in cosmic praise.

F-D (Grammar Notes)

• Caeli (nominative plural) + que

• Terra (nominative singular)

• Pleni sunt (plural verb agreeing with compound subject)

• De + ablative construction

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Genre Section: Medieval Christian Prayers

Part A (Interleaved Text)

4.16 The Father Pater and que the Son Filius and que the Holy Spirit Spiritus Sanctus reign forever in aeternum regnant

4.17 Mary Maria and que Joseph Ioseph guard custodiunt the holy child puerum sanctum

4.18 The psalms psalmi and que the hymns hymni rise ascendunt to heaven ad caelum

4.19 The blessed beati and que the martyrs martyres intercede intercedunt for us pro nobis

4.20 Grace gratia and que mercy misericordia flow fluunt from the throne de throno

4.21 The incense thus and que the prayers orationes rise ascendunt before God ante Deum

4.22 The faithful fideles and que the catechumens catechumeni gather congregantur in the church in ecclesia

4.23 Hope spes and que charity caritas strengthen corroborant the believers credentes

4.24 The confessors confessores and que the virgins virgines praise laudant the Lord Dominum

4.25 The angels angeli and que the archangels archangeli serve serviunt in heaven in caelo

4.26 The body corpus and que the soul anima are sanctified sanctificantur by grace gratia

4.27 The altar altare and que the sanctuary sanctuarium are blessed benedicuntur

4.28 Wisdom sapientia and que understanding intellectus come veniunt from above desuper

4.29 The Gospel evangelium and que tradition traditio guide ducunt the faithful fideles

4.30 Peace pax and que benediction benedictio descend descendunt upon us super nos

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Part B (Complete Sentences with Translations)

4.16 Paterque Filiusque Spiritus Sanctus in aeternum regnant. The Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit reign forever.

4.17 Mariaque Ioseph puerum sanctum custodiunt. Mary and Joseph guard the holy child.

4.18 Psalmique hymni ad caelum ascendunt. The psalms and hymns rise to heaven.

4.19 Beatique martyres pro nobis intercedunt. The blessed and the martyrs intercede for us.

4.20 Gratiaque misericordia de throno fluunt. Grace and mercy flow from the throne.

4.21 Thusque orationes ante Deum ascendunt. The incense and prayers rise before God.

4.22 Fidelesque catechumeni in ecclesia congregantur. The faithful and catechumens gather in the church.

4.23 Spesque caritas credentes corroborant. Hope and charity strengthen the believers.

4.24 Confessoresque virgines Dominum laudant. The confessors and virgins praise the Lord.

4.25 Angelique archangeli in caelo serviunt. The angels and archangels serve in heaven.

4.26 Corpusque anima gratia sanctificantur. The body and soul are sanctified by grace.

4.27 Altareque sanctuarium benedicuntur. The altar and sanctuary are blessed.

4.28 Sapientiaque intellectus desuper veniunt. Wisdom and understanding come from above.

4.29 Evangeliumque traditio fideles ducunt. The Gospel and tradition guide the faithful.

4.30 Paxque benedictio super nos descendunt. Peace and benediction descend upon us.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

4.16 Paterque Filiusque Spiritus Sanctus in aeternum regnant.

4.17 Mariaque Ioseph puerum sanctum custodiunt.

4.18 Psalmique hymni ad caelum ascendunt.

4.19 Beatique martyres pro nobis intercedunt.

4.20 Gratiaque misericordia de throno fluunt.

4.21 Thusque orationes ante Deum ascendunt.

4.22 Fidelesque catechumeni in ecclesia congregantur.

4.23 Spesque caritas credentes corroborant.

4.24 Confessoresque virgines Dominum laudant.

4.25 Angelique archangeli in caelo serviunt.

4.26 Corpusque anima gratia sanctificantur.

4.27 Altareque sanctuarium benedicuntur.

4.28 Sapientiaque intellectus desuper veniunt.

4.29 Evangeliumque traditio fideles ducunt.

4.30 Paxque benedictio super nos descendunt.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation)

In Medieval Christian prayers, 'que' serves several special functions:

1. Triple Connections:

   • Can link three items (as in 4.16 with the Trinity)

   • Each 'que' adds equal weight to the connected terms

2. Liturgical Language:

   • Often pairs complementary religious concepts

   • Creates rhythm in prayer formulas

   • Links earthly and heavenly elements

3. Verb Agreement:

   • Compound subjects joined by 'que' take plural verbs

   • Example: "Psalmique hymni ascendunt"

4. Word Order in Prayers:

   • More flexible than classical Latin

   • Often puts important religious terms first

   • Maintains rhythmic patterns typical of medieval prayer

5. Special Religious Vocabulary:

   • Pairs often have theological significance

   • Common combinations in liturgical texts

   • Traditional prayer formulas

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