Lesson 008 Latin Reading Course for Biologists and Gardeners

Lesson 8: ille, illa, illud (that, those)

Part A (Interlinear English-Latin Text)

8.1 That ancient ille antīquus oak quercus stands stat in in the garden hortō

8.2 The botanist botanicus studies studet that illī rare rārae flower flōrī

8.3 Those illae leaves frondēs change mūtant color colōrem in autumn autumnō

8.4 The gardener hortulānus observes observat that illud strange mīrum growth pattern crēscendī genus

8.5 That illa climbing vine vītis scandēns reaches attingit the roof tēctum

8.6 The roots rādīcēs of that illīus tree arboris spread serpunt widely lātē

8.7 Those illae medicinal medicae herbs herbae grow crēscunt in the greenhouse in tepidāriō

8.8 The scientist scientiae cultrix collected collēgit those illōs specimens speciminēs carefully cautē

8.9 That illud seed pod lēgūmen contains continet many multa seeds sēmina

8.10 The mycologist fungōrum studiosus identified cognōvit that illum mushroom fungum

8.11 Those illa petals petala display exhibent unique patterns signa singulāria

8.12 The researcher investīgātor documented dēscrīpsit that illam species speciem thoroughly dīligenter

8.13 That ille classification system ōrdō dīgerendī follows sequitur Linnaeus Linnaeum

8.14 The botanist botanicus preserved servāvit those illās samples portionēs in alcohol in alcohole

8.15 That illa experimental method via experīmentōrum yields praebet reliable results effectūs certōs

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Part B (Complete Latin Sentences with English Translation)

8.1 Ille antīquus quercus in hortō stat. That ancient oak stands in the garden.

8.2 Botanicus illī rārae flōrī studet. The botanist studies that rare flower.

8.3 Illae frondēs colōrem autumnō mūtant. Those leaves change color in autumn.

8.4 Hortulānus illud mīrum crēscendī genus observat. The gardener observes that strange growth pattern.

8.5 Illa vītis scandēns tēctum attingit. That climbing vine reaches the roof.

8.6 Rādīcēs illīus arboris lātē serpunt. The roots of that tree spread widely.

8.7 Illae medicae herbae in tepidāriō crēscunt. Those medicinal herbs grow in the greenhouse.

8.8 Scientiae cultrix illōs speciminēs cautē collēgit. The scientist collected those specimens carefully.

8.9 Illud lēgūmen multa sēmina continet. That seed pod contains many seeds.

8.10 Fungōrum studiosus illum fungum cognōvit. The mycologist identified that mushroom.

8.11 Illa petala signa singulāria exhibent. Those petals display unique patterns.

8.12 Investīgātor illam speciem dīligenter dēscrīpsit. The researcher documented that species thoroughly.

8.13 Ille ōrdō dīgerendī Linnaeum sequitur. That classification system follows Linnaeus.

8.14 Botanicus illās portionēs in alcohole servāvit. The botanist preserved those samples in alcohol.

8.15 Illa via experīmentōrum effectūs certōs praebet. That experimental method yields reliable results.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

8.1 Ille antīquus quercus in hortō stat.

8.2 Botanicus illī rārae flōrī studet.

8.3 Illae frondēs colōrem autumnō mūtant.

8.4 Hortulānus illud mīrum crēscendī genus observat.

8.5 Illa vītis scandēns tēctum attingit.

8.6 Rādīcēs illīus arboris lātē serpunt.

8.7 Illae medicae herbae in tepidāriō crēscunt.

8.8 Scientiae cultrix illōs speciminēs cautē collēgit.

8.9 Illud lēgūmen multa sēmina continet.

8.10 Fungōrum studiosus illum fungum cognōvit.

8.11 Illa petala signa singulāria exhibent.

8.12 Investīgātor illam speciem dīligenter dēscrīpsit.

8.13 Ille ōrdō dīgerendī Linnaeum sequitur.

8.14 Botanicus illās portionēs in alcohole servāvit.

8.15 Illa via experīmentōrum effectūs certōs praebet.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation for English Speakers)

The demonstrative adjective/pronoun "ille, illa, illud" is essential in scientific Latin texts. Here's what English speakers need to know:

1. Forms and Agreement:

   • Masculine: ille (singular), illī (plural)

   • Feminine: illa (singular), illae (plural)

   • Neuter: illud (singular), illa (plural)

   • Must agree with its noun in gender, number, and case

2. Cases in Scientific Usage:

   • Nominative: ille fungus (that mushroom, as subject)

   • Genitive: illīus plantae (of that plant)

   • Dative: illī specieī (to/for that species)

   • Accusative: illam herbam (that herb, as object)

   • Ablative: illō exemplō (by/with/from that example)

3. Common Functions in Scientific Writing:

   • Pointing to specific specimens: illud exemplar

   • Referencing previously mentioned items: illa species

   • Distinguishing between multiple items: hic...ille

   • Creating emphasis: ille clārissimus botanicus

4. Word Order in Scientific Latin:

   • Usually precedes the noun in formal writing

   • Can follow for emphasis: planta illa rārissima

   • Maintains agreement even when separated: illa quam vīdimus planta

5. Tips for English Speakers:

   • Remember "ille" means "that" (not "the")

   • Think of it as more specific than English "that"

   • Used frequently in taxonomic descriptions

   • Essential for precise scientific reference

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Part E (Cultural Context for English Speakers)

Understanding "ille, illa, illud" in scientific Latin connects you to centuries of botanical and biological tradition:

1. Historical Development:

   • Classical Latin use versus scientific adaptation

   • Linnaeus's standardization of terminology

   • Role in formal species descriptions

   • Evolution of usage in modern scientific Latin

2. Modern Scientific Applications:

   • Formal taxonomic descriptions

   • Herbarium specimen labels

   • Scientific correspondence

   • Published research in Latin

   • Type specimen designation

3. Cultural Significance:

   • Precision in scientific communication

   • International standardization

   • Traditional scientific authority

   • Connection to historical texts

   • Professional courtesy in formal writing

4. Practical Usage Today:

   • Reading historical botanical texts

   • Understanding type descriptions

   • Writing formal taxonomic descriptions

   • Maintaining scientific tradition

   • International collaboration

5. Tips for Scientific Writing:

   • When to use formal versus informal style

   • Appropriate level of precision

   • Traditional versus modern usage

   • International accessibility

   • Professional conventions

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Part F (Literary Citation)

Part F-A (Interlinear Analysis)

That Illa most noble nōbilissima palm palma which quae I ego observed observāvī in in the royal rēgiō garden hortō grows crēscit to ad remarkable mīrabilem height altitūdinem - Carolus Linnaeus, Hortus Cliffortianus (1737)

Part F-B (Complete Translation)

"That most noble palm which I observed in the royal garden grows to a remarkable height." Illa nōbilissima palma quam in hortō rēgiō observāvī ad mīrabilem altitūdinem crēscit.

Part F-C (Literary Analysis)

This quote from Linnaeus's description of George Clifford's garden demonstrates the formal botanical Latin of the 18th century. The use of "illa" emphasizes the specific specimen being described, typical of scientific observation reports of the period.

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

• "Illa" agrees with feminine "palma"

• Relative clause "quae...observāvī" provides detail

• Present tense "crēscit" indicates continuing state

• Superlative "nōbilissima" shows evaluative language

• Accusative "mīrabilem altitūdinem" shows extent

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Genre Section: Botanical Field Notes

Part A (Interlinear English-Latin Text)

8.16 That illa rare rāra orchid orchis which quam we discovered invēnimus flowers flōret in winter hieme

8.17 The specimen collector spéciminum collēctor carefully pressed cautē pressit those illās delicate tenerās leaves frondēs

8.18 That illud unusual īnsolitum growth pattern crēscendī genus suggests indicat a new novam variety varietātem

8.19 The roots rādīcēs of that illīus climbing scandentis vine vītis show mōnstrant mycorrhizal mycorrhīzālem symbiosis symbiōsim

8.20 Those illī morning mātūtīnī observations conspectūs reveal revelant pollinator pollinātoris activity actionem

8.21 The researcher investīgātor photographed photographēmata fēcit those illārum fascinating mīrābilium fungal structures fungōrum structūrārum

8.22 That ille remarkable īnsignis mutation mūtātiō appears appāret in successive in successīvīs generations generātiōnibus

8.23 The distribution distribūtiō of those illārum alpine alpīnārum species speciērum follows sequitur elevation gradients altitūdinis gradūs

8.24 That illa preliminary incohāta analysis analyses suggests suggerit genetic geneticam variation variātiōnem

8.25 The botanist botanicus preserved servāvit those illōs critical gravēs tissue samples texturārum exemplārēs

8.26 Those illa detailed subtīlia measurements mēnsūrae confirm confirmant our hypothesis nostram hypothesim

8.27 That illud field station statiō campestris provides praebet ideal optimās research conditions condiciōnēs studiōrum

8.28 The team turma documented documentāvit those illās seasonal temporāriās changes mūtātiōnēs meticulously dīligentissimē

8.29 That illa experimental experīmentālis plot ārea shows ostendit significant significantem biodiversity biodiversitātem

8.30 The ecology oecologia of those illārum native nātīvārum species speciērum requires requīrit further study plūra studia

Part B (Complete Latin Sentences with English Translation)

8.16 Illa rāra orchis quam invēnimus hieme flōret. That rare orchid which we discovered flowers in winter.

8.17 Spéciminum collēctor illās tenerās frondēs cautē pressit. The specimen collector carefully pressed those delicate leaves.

8.18 Illud īnsolitum crēscendī genus novam varietātem indicat. That unusual growth pattern suggests a new variety.

8.19 Rādīcēs illīus scandentis vītis mycorrhīzālem symbiōsim mōnstrant. The roots of that climbing vine show mycorrhizal symbiosis.

8.20 Illī mātūtīnī conspectūs pollinātoris actionem revelant. Those morning observations reveal pollinator activity.

8.21 Investīgātor illārum mīrābilium fungōrum structūrārum photographēmata fēcit. The researcher photographed those fascinating fungal structures.

8.22 Ille īnsignis mūtātiō in successīvīs generātiōnibus appāret. That remarkable mutation appears in successive generations.

8.23 Distribūtiō illārum alpīnārum speciērum altitūdinis gradūs sequitur. The distribution of those alpine species follows elevation gradients.

8.24 Illa incohāta analyses geneticam variātiōnem suggerit. That preliminary analysis suggests genetic variation.

8.25 Botanicus illōs gravēs texturārum exemplārēs servāvit. The botanist preserved those critical tissue samples.

8.26 Illa subtīlia mēnsūrae nostram hypothesim confirmant. Those detailed measurements confirm our hypothesis.

8.27 Illud statiō campestris optimās condiciōnēs studiōrum praebet. That field station provides ideal research conditions.

8.28 Turma illās temporāriās mūtātiōnēs dīligentissimē documentāvit. The team documented those seasonal changes meticulously.

8.29 Illa experīmentālis ārea significantem biodiversitātem ostendit. That experimental plot shows significant biodiversity.

8.30 Oecologia illārum nātīvārum speciērum plūra studia requīrit. The ecology of those native species requires further study.

Part C (Latin Text Only)

8.16 Illa rāra orchis quam invēnimus hieme flōret.

8.17 Spéciminum collēctor illās tenerās frondēs cautē pressit.

8.18 Illud īnsolitum crēscendī genus novam varietātem indicat.

8.19 Rādīcēs illīus scandentis vītis mycorrhīzālem symbiōsim mōnstrant.

8.20 Illī mātūtīnī conspectūs pollinātoris actionem revelant.

8.21 Investīgātor illārum mīrābilium fungōrum structūrārum photographēmata fēcit.

8.22 Ille īnsignis mūtātiō in successīvīs generātiōnibus appāret.

8.23 Distribūtiō illārum alpīnārum speciērum altitūdinis gradūs sequitur.

8.24 Illa incohāta analyses geneticam variātiōnem suggerit.

8.25 Botanicus illōs gravēs texturārum exemplārēs servāvit.

8.26 Illa subtīlia mēnsūrae nostram hypothesim confirmant.

8.27 Illud statiō campestris optimās condiciōnēs studiōrum praebet.

8.28 Turma illās temporāriās mūtātiōnēs dīligentissimē documentāvit.

8.29 Illa experīmentālis ārea significantem biodiversitātem ostendit.

8.30 Oecologia illārum nātīvārum speciērum plūra studia requīrit.

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Part D (Grammar Notes for Field Notes Genre)

Special considerations for using "ille, illa, illud" in botanical field notes:

1. Technical Documentation:

   • Precise reference to specimens: illud exemplar

   • Clear indication of specific observations: illa observātiō

   • Distinction between multiple samples: hoc...illud

   • Reference to previous findings: illae inventīōnēs

2. Scientific Description Patterns:

   • Specimen identification: illa species nova

   • Location references: illud habitāculum

   • Temporal references: illō tempore

   • Measurement specifications: illa mēnsūra

3. Field-Specific Usage:

   • Habitat descriptions: illud solum

   • Growth patterns: illa germinātiō

   • Population studies: illa colōnia

   • Environmental factors: illae condiciōnēs

4. Common Combinations in Field Notes:

   • With technical terms: illa mycorrhīza

   • With measurements: illa altitūdō

   • With locations: illud strātum

   • With dates: illā diē

5. Style Guidelines:

   • Clarity in reference

   • Consistency in usage

   • Technical precision

   • Scientific objectivity

   • Standardized formatting

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