Introduction

The pronoun "it" refers to a thing, animal, or abstract concept previously mentioned or easily identified in context. In Javanese, the demonstrative pronoun iku (iku) serves this function, meaning "that" or "it." This word is fundamental to Javanese communication, pointing to objects or concepts at a distance from the speaker. Javanese, an Austronesian language spoken by over 80 million people primarily in Central and East Java, Indonesia, uses a complex system of speech levels. The word iku belongs to the ngoko (informal) register. Throughout these 15 examples, you'll see how iku functions as a pronoun referring to previously mentioned items, abstract concepts, and distant objects, demonstrating its versatility in everyday Javanese speech.

Link to course index: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index

FAQ Schema: What does "iku" mean in Javanese? In Javanese, iku (iku) is a demonstrative pronoun meaning "that" or "it," used to refer to objects, concepts, or situations that are distant from the speaker or previously mentioned in conversation.

Educational Schema: This lesson is part of a comprehensive Javanese language learning course designed for autodidactic English speakers, utilizing interlinear glossing to make the non-Latin script accessible.

Key Takeaways: Master the use of iku as a third-person neuter pronoun, understand its role in Javanese sentence structure, and learn how demonstrative pronouns function differently in Javanese compared to English.

Script Guidance

Javanese can be written in three scripts: the traditional Javanese script (Hanacaraka/Carakan), Arabic script (Pegon), and Latin script. This lesson uses Latin script with standard transliteration. Javanese is an agglutinative language where grammatical relationships are expressed through affixes. The language has three main speech levels: Ngoko (informal), Madya (semi-formal), and Krama (formal). Pronunciation note: 'e' can be pronounced as /ə/ (schwa) or /e/, 'é' as /e/, and 'è' as /ɛ/.

Section A: Interlinear Construed Text

10.1 Iku (iku) that apik (apik) good tenan (tenan) very

10.2 Buku (buku) book iku (iku) that ana (ana) exist ing (ing) on meja (meja) table

10.3 Apa (apa) what iku (iku) that jenengé (jenengé) name-DEF

10.4 Aku (aku) I weruh (weruh) know iku (iku) that wingi (wingi) yesterday

10.5 Iku (iku) that dudu (dudu) not duwéku (duwéku) mine

10.6 Sapa (sapa) who sing (sing) REL tuku (tuku) buy iku (iku) that

10.7 Omah (omah) house iku (iku) that gedé (gedé) big banget (banget) very

10.8 Iku (iku) that wis (wis) already rusak (rusak) broken

10.9 Aja (aja) don't njupuk (njupuk) take iku (iku) that

10.10 Pira (pira) how-much regané (regané) price-DEF iku (iku) that

10.11 Wong (wong) person iku (iku) that teka (teka) come saka (saka) from Jakarta (Jakarta) Jakarta

10.12 Iku (iku) that kudu (kudu) must diresiki (diresiki) PASS-clean

10.13 Kembang (kembang) flower iku (iku) that arum (arum) fragrant gandané (gandané) smell-DEF

10.14 Aku (aku) I ora (ora) not seneng (seneng) like iku (iku) that

10.15 Iku (iku) that angel (angel) difficult kanggo (kanggo) for aku (aku) me

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B: Natural Sentences

10.1 Iku apik tenan. That's very good.

10.2 Buku iku ana ing meja. That book is on the table.

10.3 Apa iku jenengé? What is it called?

10.4 Aku weruh iku wingi. I saw it yesterday.

10.5 Iku dudu duwéku. That's not mine.

10.6 Sapa sing tuku iku? Who bought that?

10.7 Omah iku gedé banget. That house is very big.

10.8 Iku wis rusak. It's already broken.

10.9 Aja njupuk iku. Don't take that.

10.10 Pira regané iku? How much does it cost?

10.11 Wong iku teka saka Jakarta. That person came from Jakarta.

10.12 Iku kudu diresiki. It must be cleaned.

10.13 Kembang iku arum gandané. That flower smells fragrant.

10.14 Aku ora seneng iku. I don't like that.

10.15 Iku angel kanggo aku. That's difficult for me.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C: Target Language Text Only

10.1 Iku apik tenan.

10.2 Buku iku ana ing meja.

10.3 Apa iku jenengé?

10.4 Aku weruh iku wingi.

10.5 Iku dudu duwéku.

10.6 Sapa sing tuku iku?

10.7 Omah iku gedé banget.

10.8 Iku wis rusak.

10.9 Aja njupuk iku.

10.10 Pira regané iku?

10.11 Wong iku teka saka Jakarta.

10.12 Iku kudu diresiki.

10.13 Kembang iku arum gandané.

10.14 Aku ora seneng iku.

10.15 Iku angel kanggo aku.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D: Grammar Explanation

These are the grammar rules for iku.

Iku functions as both a demonstrative pronoun ("that") and as the equivalent of English "it" when referring to previously mentioned objects or concepts. Unlike English, Javanese does not have a dedicated third-person neuter pronoun separate from demonstratives. Iku refers to items at a medial distance from the speaker, contrasting with iki (this, near) and ika/kae (that over there, far).

Word order in Javanese typically follows Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) pattern, though variations occur for emphasis. Iku can appear in subject position at the beginning of sentences or after the noun it modifies (noun + iku pattern). When modifying a noun, iku follows the noun rather than preceding it as in English.

Javanese verbs do not conjugate for person or tense. Context and time markers indicate when actions occur. The passive voice, marked by the prefix di-, is common when iku is the subject of an action being performed upon it.

Common Mistakes

English speakers often place iku before the noun (incorrect: iku buku), when it should follow (correct: buku iku). Another error is overusing iku where Javanese would naturally omit pronouns entirely. Javanese frequently drops pronouns when context is clear.

Grammatical Summary

Demonstrative pronouns in ngoko register:

• iki (iki) - this (near speaker)

• iku (iku) - that/it (medial distance)

• kae/ika (kae/ika) - that over there (far)

Position rules:

• As pronoun: sentence-initial or object position

• As modifier: follows the noun

• Can be emphasized with particles like lho or kok

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section E: Cultural Context

In Javanese culture, the choice of pronouns and demonstratives reflects social relationships and politeness levels. While iku belongs to ngoko (informal speech), in formal situations speakers might use punika (krama) or menika (krama inggil). The appropriate choice depends on the speaker's relationship with the listener, their relative ages, and social status.

Javanese speakers often avoid direct pointing when using iku, instead using subtle head movements or glances. This reflects the Javanese value of alus (refinement) in behavior. In traditional contexts, especially in the courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, excessive use of demonstratives is considered unrefined.

The idiomatic expression iku-iku waé means "always the same thing" or "that's all there is," showing resignation or mild complaint. Iku mau refers to something just mentioned, literally "that earlier."

Regional variations exist across Java. East Javanese dialects may pronounce iku more like iko, while in some coastal areas influenced by Malay, speakers might alternate between iku and Indonesian itu. The Banyumasan dialect preserves older pronunciations, maintaining final consonants more clearly than standard Central Javanese.

In wayang (shadow puppet) performances, the dalang (puppeteer) uses iku frequently when narrating action or pointing out characters to the audience, making it a key word in traditional storytelling.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section F: Literary Citation

From the Serat Centhini, describing Prince Jayengresmi's observation of a gamelan orchestra:

F-A: Interleaved/Construed Text

Gamelan (gamelan) gamelan iku (iku) that swarane (swarane) sound-DEF kaya (kaya) like swarga (swarga) heaven tumurun (tumurun) descending ing (ing) to bumi (bumi) earth. Gendingé (gendingé) melody-DEF alus (alus) refined tur (tur) and endah (endah) beautiful, nggugah (nggugah) awaken rasa (rasa) feeling sing (sing) REL jero (jero) deep ing (ing) in ati (ati) heart. Saben (saben) every wilahan (wilahan) key muni (muni) sound laras (laras) harmonious, kaya (kaya) like déwa (déwa) gods sing (sing) REL padha (padha) together nembang (nembang) sing. Iku (iku) that kabèh (kabèh) all dadi (dadi) become siji (siji) one ing (ing) in sawijining (sawijining) one kasampurnan (kasampurnan) perfection kang (kang) REL ora (ora) not bisa (bisa) able diucapake (diucapake) PASS-express nganggo (nganggo) using tembung (tembung) words.

F-B: Authentic Text with Translation

Gamelan iku swarané kaya swarga tumurun ing bumi. Gendingé alus tur endah, nggugah rasa sing jero ing ati. Saben wilahan muni laras, kaya déwa sing padha nembang. Iku kabèh dadi siji ing sawijining kasampurnan kang ora bisa diucapaké nganggo tembung.

That gamelan's sound is like heaven descending to earth. Its melody is refined and beautiful, awakening deep feelings in the heart. Every key sounds in harmony, like gods singing together. All of that becomes one in a perfection that cannot be expressed with words.

F-C: Authentic Text Only

Gamelan iku swarané kaya swarga tumurun ing bumi. Gendingé alus tur endah, nggugah rasa sing jero ing ati. Saben wilahan muni laras, kaya déwa sing padha nembang. Iku kabèh dadi siji ing sawijining kasampurnan kang ora bisa diucapaké nganggo tembung.

F-D: Grammar and Vocabulary

This passage demonstrates iku in two functions: first as a demonstrative modifier after gamelan, then as a pronoun subject referring to all the previously described elements. The passive voice diucapaké shows typical Javanese preference for passive constructions. Sanskrit loanwords like swarga (heaven) and déwa (gods) reflect Hindu-Buddhist influence on Javanese literature. The word laras means both "harmonious" and refers to the gamelan tuning system, showing Javanese linguistic precision in musical terminology.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Genre Section: Traditional Market Dialogue

Section A: Interlinear Text

10.16 Mbak (mbak) sister pira (pira) how-much iku (iku) that témpe (témpe) tempeh sak (sak) one bungkus (bungkus) package

10.17 Iku (iku) that rong (rong) two èwu (èwu) thousand rupiah (rupiah) rupiah Mas (mas) brother

10.18 Wah (wah) EXCL larang (larang) expensive tenan (tenan) very iku (iku) that mbak (mbak) sister

10.19 Iku (iku) that wis (wis) already rega (rega) price pasar (pasar) market saiki (saiki) now mas (mas) brother

10.20 Tak (tak) 1SG-will golèk (golèk) search liyané (liyané) other-DEF waé (waé) just yen (yen) if iku (iku) that larang (larang) expensive

10.21 Lha (lha) PART iku (iku) that sing (sing) REL paling (paling) most murah (murah) cheap nèng (nèng) at kéné (kéné) here

10.22 Jeruk (jeruk) orange iku (iku) that pira (pira) how-much sekilo (sekilo) per-kilo mbak (mbak) sister

10.23 Iku (iku) that sepuluh (sepuluh) ten èwu (èwu) thousand mas (mas) brother manis (manis) sweet lho (lho) PART

10.24 Tak (tak) 1SG-will cobané (cobané) try-DEF siji (siji) one dhisik (dhisik) first iku (iku) that ya (ya) yes

10.25 Monggo (monggo) please mas (mas) brother iku (iku) that énggal (énggal) quickly dicoba (dicoba) PASS-try

10.26 Wah (wah) EXCL bener (bener) true iku (iku) that manis (manis) sweet tenan (tenan) very mbak (mbak) sister

10.27 Aku (aku) I tuku (tuku) buy rong (rong) two kilo (kilo) kilo waé (waé) just iku (iku) that

10.28 Iki (iki) this duwité (duwité) money-DEF pas (pas) exact ora (ora) not iku (iku) that mbak (mbak) sister

10.29 Ora (ora) not apa-apa (apa-apa) what-what mas (mas) brother iku (iku) that tak (tak) 1SG-will kembalèkaké (kembalèkaké) return

10.30 Matur (matur) say nuwun (nuwun) thanks mbak (mbak) sister iku (iku) that kabèh (kabèh) all apik (apik) good

Section B: Natural Sentences

10.16 Mbak, pira iku témpe sak bungkus? Sister, how much is that tempeh per package?

10.17 Iku rong èwu rupiah, Mas. That's two thousand rupiah, brother.

10.18 Wah, larang tenan iku mbak. Wow, that's really expensive, sister.

10.19 Iku wis rega pasar saiki, mas. That's already the market price now, brother.

10.20 Tak golèk liyané waé yen iku larang. I'll just look for another one if that's expensive.

10.21 Lha iku sing paling murah nèng kéné. But that's the cheapest one here.

10.22 Jeruk iku pira sekilo, mbak? How much are those oranges per kilo, sister?

10.23 Iku sepuluh èwu mas, manis lho. That's ten thousand brother, they're sweet you know.

10.24 Tak cobané siji dhisik iku ya. Let me try one first, okay?

10.25 Monggo mas, iku énggal dicoba. Please brother, quickly try it.

10.26 Wah, bener iku manis tenan mbak. Wow, it's true, that's really sweet, sister.

10.27 Aku tuku rong kilo waé iku. I'll buy just two kilos of that.

10.28 Iki duwité pas ora iku mbak? Is this money exact or not, sister?

10.29 Ora apa-apa mas, iku tak kembalèkaké. No problem brother, I'll give you change for that.

10.30 Matur nuwun mbak, iku kabèh apik. Thank you sister, all of that is good.

Section C: Target Language Only

10.16 Mbak, pira iku témpe sak bungkus?

10.17 Iku rong èwu rupiah, Mas.

10.18 Wah, larang tenan iku mbak.

10.19 Iku wis rega pasar saiki, mas.

10.20 Tak golèk liyané waé yen iku larang.

10.21 Lha iku sing paling murah nèng kéné.

10.22 Jeruk iku pira sekilo, mbak?

10.23 Iku sepuluh èwu mas, manis lho.

10.24 Tak cobané siji dhisik iku ya.

10.25 Monggo mas, iku énggal dicoba.

10.26 Wah, bener iku manis tenan mbak.

10.27 Aku tuku rong kilo waé iku.

10.28 Iki duwité pas ora iku mbak?

10.29 Ora apa-apa mas, iku tak kembalèkaké.

10.30 Matur nuwun mbak, iku kabèh apik.

Section D: Grammar Notes

This market dialogue showcases colloquial Javanese with frequent use of iku in various positions. The kinship terms mas (brother) and mbak (sister) function as polite address forms, borrowed into Indonesian from Javanese. The prefix tak- represents first person singular future/volitional marking, showing pronoun incorporation into the verb. Particles like lho and lha add emphasis and maintain conversational flow, essential features of spoken Javanese.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Pronunciation Guide

Vowels:

• a = /a/ as in "father"

• e = /ə/ (schwa) as in "about" or /e/ as in "way" (context-dependent)

• é = /e/ as in "way"

• è = /ɛ/ as in "bed"

• i = /i/ as in "machine"

• o = /o/ as in "go"

• u = /u/ as in "food"

Consonants: Most consonants are pronounced as in English, with these exceptions:

• dh = /ɖ/ retroflex d (tongue curled back)

• th = /ʈ/ retroflex t

• ng = /ŋ/ as in "sing" (can occur initially)

• ny = /ɲ/ as in "canyon"

• c = /tʃ/ as in "church"

• j = /dʒ/ as in "judge"

Common pronunciation errors:

• Failing to distinguish between e, é, and è

• Not pronouncing initial ng- (exists in Javanese but not English)

• Over-aspirating consonants (Javanese consonants are unaspirated)

• Applying English stress patterns (Javanese stress is generally on the penultimate syllable)

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

About This Course

The Latinum Institute has been creating innovative language learning materials since 2006, specializing in making classical and world languages accessible to autodidactic learners. Our method employs interlinear glossing, allowing students to understand grammatical structures immediately while building vocabulary naturally through context.

The construed text approach accelerates comprehension by presenting word-by-word translations alongside natural sentences, enabling learners to internalize patterns without memorizing abstract rules. This method has proven particularly effective for languages with non-Latin scripts or complex grammatical systems.

Each lesson is self-contained, providing all necessary vocabulary and grammar within the interlinear format. This eliminates the frustration of constantly consulting dictionaries and allows for immediate engagement with authentic texts. The progression from construed text to natural sentences to pure target language text guides learners gradually toward independent reading.

Visit https://latinum.substack.com/p/index for our complete course catalog.

Reviews and testimonials: https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk

The Latinum Institute continues to develop materials based on classical pedagogical methods proven effective over centuries, adapted for modern independent learners seeking to master languages for academic, professional, or personal enrichment.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

ꦏꦺꦴꦮꦺ / ꦱꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦪꦤ꧀ / ꦥꦚ꧀ꦗꦼꦤꦼꦔꦤ꧀ (kowé/sampéyan/panjenengan) - You

Introduction

This lesson explores the Javanese second-person pronouns, which demonstrate the language's sophisticated system of speech levels (unggah-ungguh). As an autodidact student, you'll discover how the simple English "you" transforms into multiple forms in Javanese, each carrying specific social meanings and reflecting the hierarchical nature of Javanese society. Unlike English's democratic single pronoun, Javanese requires speakers to constantly assess social relationships and choose the appropriate level of formality.

Course Index: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index

FAQ: What does "you" mean in Javanese? Answer: The Javanese language has multiple words for "you" based on speech levels and social relationships. The three main forms are: kowé (informal/ngoko) used with equals, friends, or inferiors; sampéyan (polite/madya) used with strangers or slight superiors; and panjenengan (very formal/krama) used with elders, teachers, or highly respected individuals. Additional regional variants include kon (Eastern Java), rika (Western Java), and panjenengan dalem for royalty. This system reflects Javanese cultural values of respect, hierarchy, and social harmony.

In the following 15 examples, you'll encounter these pronouns in various contexts: casual conversations between friends using kowé, polite exchanges with sampéyan, and formal addresses with panjenengan. The examples demonstrate how pronoun choice affects entire sentences, as Javanese maintains consistency in speech levels throughout utterances, influencing vocabulary choices beyond just the pronoun itself.

Educational Classification: This is language learning material designed for English speakers studying Javanese as a foreign language, using the Latinum Institute's interlinear glossing method for accelerated comprehension.

Key Takeaways:

• Javanese has multiple pronouns for "you" based on social hierarchy

• Ngoko (kowé) for informal situations

• Madya (sampéyan) for polite/neutral contexts

• Krama (panjenengan) for formal/respectful address

• Speech level affects entire sentences, not just pronouns

• Regional dialects have additional variations

Script-Specific Guidance

Javanese uses both Latin script (modern) and traditional Javanese script (Hanacaraka/ꦲꦤꦕꦫꦏ). This lesson primarily uses Latin script with romanization following standard Indonesian orthography. Key pronunciation notes:

• é = /e/ as in "way" (closed e)

• è = /ɛ/ as in "bet" (open e)

• dh = retroflex d

• th = retroflex t

• ng = /ŋ/ as in "sing"

• ny = /ɲ/ as in Spanish "ñ"

Common learner mistakes:

• Using the wrong speech level pronoun (social faux pas)

• Mixing speech levels within a sentence

• Not adjusting verb vocabulary to match pronoun formality

• Confusing kowé with kon (dialectal variations)

Section A: Interlinear Construed Text

9.1 Kowé (kowé) you-INFORMAL arep (arep) will lunga (lunga) go menyang (menyang) to endi (endi) where

9.2 Sampéyan (sampéyan) you-POLITE badhe (badhe) will-POLITE tindak (tindak) go-POLITE pundi (pundi) where-POLITE

9.3 Panjenengan (panjenengan) you-FORMAL kersa (kersa) will-FORMAL rawuh (rawuh) come-FORMAL wonten (wonten) at-FORMAL griya (griya) house-FORMAL

9.4 Kowé (kowé) you-INFORMAL wis (wis) already mangan (mangan) eat durung (durung) not-yet

9.5 Sampéyan (sampéyan) you-POLITE sampun (sampun) already-POLITE nedha (nedha) eat-POLITE dereng (dereng) not-yet-POLITE

9.6 Apa (apa) what kowé (kowé) you-INFORMAL ngerti (ngerti) understand basa (basa) language Jawa (Jawa) Java

9.7 Panjenengan (panjenengan) you-FORMAL saking (saking) from-FORMAL pundi (pundi) where-FORMAL asalipun (asalipun) origin-FORMAL-POSS

9.8 Sira (sira) you-LITERARY kudu (kudu) must ngati-ati (ngati-ati) careful ing (ing) in dalan (dalan) road

9.9 Kon (kon) you-EASTERN gelem (gelem) willing ora (ora) not nulungi (nulungi) help aku (aku) I

9.10 Rika (rika) you-WESTERN kepiye (kepiye) how kabare (kabare) news-POSS saiki (saiki) now

9.11 Awakmu (awakmu) you-BODY lara (lara) sick apa (apa) what ora (ora) not

9.12 Sliramu (sliramu) you-BODY-POLITE sehat (sehat) healthy ta (ta) QUESTION dinten (dinten) day niki (niki) this-POLITE

9.13 Kowe (kowé) you-INFORMAL kabeh (kabèh) all padha (padha) same sinau (sinau) study ing (ing) at kene (kene) here

9.14 Njenengan (njenengan) you-FORMAL-SHORT purun (purun) willing-FORMAL maringi (maringi) give-FORMAL pitutur (pitutur) advice-FORMAL dhateng (dhateng) to-FORMAL kula (kula) I-FORMAL

9.15 Kowé (kowé) you-INFORMAL iku (iku) that sapa (sapa) who jenengé (jenengé) name-POSS

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B: Natural Sentences

9.1 Kowé arep lunga menyang endi? Where are you going?

9.2 Sampéyan badhe tindak pundi? Where are you going? (polite)

9.3 Panjenengan kersa rawuh wonten griya? Will you come to the house? (formal)

9.4 Kowé wis mangan durung? Have you eaten yet?

9.5 Sampéyan sampun nedha dereng? Have you eaten yet? (polite)

9.6 Apa kowé ngerti basa Jawa? Do you understand Javanese?

9.7 Panjenengan saking pundi asalipun? Where are you from? (formal)

9.8 Sira kudu ngati-ati ing dalan. You must be careful on the road. (literary)

9.9 Kon gelem ora nulungi aku? Are you willing to help me? (Eastern dialect)

9.10 Rika kepiye kabare saiki? How are you now? (Western dialect)

9.11 Awakmu lara apa ora? Are you sick or not?

9.12 Sliramu sehat ta dinten niki? Are you healthy today? (polite)

9.13 Kowé kabèh padha sinau ing kene. You all study here together.

9.14 Njenengan purun maringi pitutur dhateng kula? Would you give advice to me? (formal)

9.15 Kowé iku sapa jenengé? What is your name?

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C: Target Language Text Only

9.1 Kowé arep lunga menyang endi?

9.2 Sampéyan badhe tindak pundi?

9.3 Panjenengan kersa rawuh wonten griya?

9.4 Kowé wis mangan durung?

9.5 Sampéyan sampun nedha dereng?

9.6 Apa kowé ngerti basa Jawa?

9.7 Panjenengan saking pundi asalipun?

9.8 Sira kudu ngati-ati ing dalan.

9.9 Kon gelem ora nulungi aku?

9.10 Rika kepiye kabare saiki?

9.11 Awakmu lara apa ora?

9.12 Sliramu sehat ta dinten niki?

9.13 Kowé kabèh padha sinau ing kene.

9.14 Njenengan purun maringi pitutur dhateng kula?

9.15 Kowé iku sapa jenengé?

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D: Grammar Explanation

These are the grammar rules for Javanese second-person pronouns:

Speech Levels (Unggah-ungguh): Javanese employs a complex system of speech levels that affects pronoun choice and entire sentences. The three main levels are:

1. Ngoko (Low/Informal):

   • Pronoun: kowé (Central Java), kon/koen (Eastern Java), rika (Western Java)

   • Used with: friends, younger people, inferiors, or when showing familiarity

   • Vocabulary: basic Javanese learned at home

   • Example: Kowé wis mangan? (Have you eaten?)

2. Madya (Middle/Polite):

   • Pronoun: sampéyan

   • Used with: strangers, slight superiors, neutral situations

   • Vocabulary: intermediate between ngoko and krama

   • Example: Sampéyan sampun nedha? (Have you eaten?)

3. Krama (High/Formal):

   • Pronoun: panjenengan (or shortened to njenengan)

   • Used with: elders, teachers, superiors, respected individuals

   • Vocabulary: entirely different word choices

   • Example: Panjenengan sampun dhahar? (Have you eaten?)

Special Forms:

• awakmu/sliramu: "your body" - used as pronouns

• panjenengan dalem: ultra-formal for royalty

• sira: literary/archaic form found in traditional texts

Common Mistakes:

• Mixing speech levels within a sentence (must maintain consistency)

• Using ngoko with elders (considered very rude)

• Using krama unnecessarily with close friends (creates distance)

• Not matching verb vocabulary to pronoun level

Comparison with English: English's single "you" contrasts sharply with Javanese's multiple forms. While English lost its thou/you distinction, Javanese maintains and actively uses its hierarchical system. This reflects fundamental cultural differences: English emphasizes equality, while Javanese emphasizes social harmony through appropriate respect markers.

Step-by-Step Selection:

1. Assess relationship: age, status, familiarity

2. Choose appropriate level: ngoko, madya, or krama

3. Select corresponding pronoun

4. Maintain level throughout sentence with matching vocabulary

5. Adjust if social context changes

Grammatical Summary:

• No gender distinction in pronouns

• No singular/plural distinction (kabèh = "all" added for plurality)

• Regional variations exist but follow same hierarchical pattern

• Pronouns can be omitted when context is clear

• Speech level affects entire utterance, not just pronouns

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section E: Cultural Context

Formal and Informal Usage: The choice of pronoun immediately establishes social relationships in Javanese society. Using kowé with an elder is not just grammatically incorrect but culturally offensive, potentially damaging relationships permanently. Conversely, using panjenengan with close friends creates awkward social distance. Javanese speakers constantly navigate these choices, demonstrating linguistic competence as social competence.

Cultural Significance: The pronoun system embodies core Javanese values:

• Andhap asor (humility): showing respect through language

• Tata krama (etiquette): proper social behavior

• Rukun (harmony): maintaining peaceful relationships

• Hormat (respect): honoring social hierarchies

The system teaches children social awareness from early age, as they must use different pronouns with parents (sampéyan/panjenengan) versus friends (kowé).

Regional Variations:

• Central Java (Solo-Yogya): kowé dominant in ngoko

• Eastern Java (Surabaya-Malang): kon/koen preferred

• Western Java (Banyumas): rika used informally

• Coastal areas: often more egalitarian, less strict levels

• Rural vs Urban: villages maintain stricter hierarchies

Idiomatic Expressions:

• Kowé ki sapa ta? = "Who do you think you are?"

• Sampéyan niku sinten? = "Who might you be?" (polite inquiry)

• Panjenengan kula hormati = "I respect you" (formal declaration)

• Awakmu dhéwé = "yourself" (emphatic)

• Kowé kabèh = "all of you" (plural)

Syntactical Peculiarities: Javanese allows pronoun dropping more than English, especially in imperatives. "Lungaa!" (Go!) implies "you" without stating it. The pronoun position is flexible but typically subject-initial. In questions, pronouns often appear after question words: "Sapa kowé?" (Who are you?) rather than "Kowé sapa?" though both are acceptable.

Variant Observations: Modern urban Javanese, especially in Jakarta, shows simplification toward sampéyan as universal polite form. Text messaging among youth often uses kowé regardless of hierarchy, reflecting Indonesian influence and changing social dynamics. However, traditional contexts (ceremonies, formal meetings) maintain strict level distinctions.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section F: Literary Citation

From Serat Wedhatama by KGPAA Mangkunegara IV (19th century), Pupuh Pangkur, verse 1:

Original Text (41 words): Mingkar-mingkuring angkara akarana karenan mardi siwi sinawung resmining kidung sinuba sinukarta mrih kertarta pakartining ngelmu luhung kang tumrap neng tanah Jawa agama ageming aji

F-A: Interleaved/Construed Text

Mingkar-mingkuring (mingkar-mingkuring) turning-away-from angkara (angkara) evil akarana (akarana) because-of karenan (karenan) desire mardi (mardi) educate siwi (siwi) children sinawung (sinawung) woven-PASSIVE resmining (resmining) beauty-of kidung (kidung) song sinuba (sinuba) adorned-PASSIVE sinukarta (sinukarta) made-beautiful-PASSIVE mrih (mrih) so-that kertarta (kertarta) well-being pakartining (pakartining) practice-of ngelmu (ngelmu) knowledge luhung (luhung) noble kang (kang) which tumrap (tumrap) applies neng (neng) in tanah (tanah) land Jawa (Jawa) Java agama (agama) religion ageming (ageming) clothing-of aji (aji) king

F-B: Authentic Text with Translation

Mingkar-mingkuring angkara, akarana karenan mardi siwi, sinawung resmining kidung, sinuba sinukarta, mrih kertarta pakartining ngelmu luhung, kang tumrap neng tanah Jawa, agama ageming aji.

Turning away from evil, because of the desire to educate children, woven into beautiful songs, adorned and made beautiful, so that the practice of noble knowledge may bring well-being, which applies in the land of Java, religion is the clothing of kings.

F-C: Authentic Text Only

Mingkar-mingkuring angkara akarana karenan mardi siwi sinawung resmining kidung sinuba sinukarta mrih kertarta pakartining ngelmu luhung kang tumrap neng tanah Jawa agama ageming aji

F-D: Grammar and Vocabulary Explanation

This opening verse of Serat Wedhatama demonstrates classical Javanese literary language with Sanskrit influences. The text uses no second-person pronouns, maintaining impersonal wisdom teaching style. The passive voice constructions (sinawung, sinuba, sinukarta) are typical of formal Javanese, avoiding direct address. The word "ngelmu" differs from "ilmu" (knowledge), referring specifically to spiritual/mystical knowledge combined with ethical behavior. "Angkara" (from Sanskrit ahaṃkāra) means evil or selfish ego. The metaphor "agama ageming aji" (religion as royal clothing) reflects the Hindu-Buddhist-Islamic synthesis in Javanese culture, where spiritual practice adorns and dignifies like royal garments. The verse structure follows tembang macapat rules with specific syllable counts and vowel endings for the Pangkur meter.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Genre Section: Traditional Dialogue (Pacelathon)

Section A: Interlinear Construed Text

9.16 Guru (guru) teacher : (:) COLON "Panjenengan (panjenengan) you-FORMAL sampun (sampun) already-FORMAL maos (maos) read-FORMAL serat (serat) letter Wedhatama (Wedhatama) Wedhatama dereng (dereng) not-yet-FORMAL ?" (?) QUESTION

9.17 Murid (murid) student : (:) COLON "Sampun (sampun) already-FORMAL Pak (pak) sir , (,) COMMA nanging (nanging) but kula (kula) I-FORMAL dereng (dereng) not-yet-FORMAL mangertos (mangertos) understand-FORMAL sedaya (sedaya) all-FORMAL ." (.) PERIOD

9.18 Ibu (ibu) mother : (:) COLON "Kowé (kowé) you-INFORMAL aja (aja) don't lali (lali) forget madang (madang) eat-INFORMAL sik (sik) first ya (ya) yes ." (.) PERIOD

9.19 Anak (anak) child : (:) COLON "Inggih (inggih) yes-FORMAL Bu (bu) mother , (,) COMMA sampéyan (sampéyan) you-POLITE pun (pun) also mangan (mangan) eat ta (ta) QUESTION ?" (?) QUESTION

9.20 Wong (wong) person tuwa (tuwa) old : (:) COLON "Sliramu (sliramu) you-BODY-POLITE aja (aja) don't kesusu (kesusu) hurry ning (ning) in dalan (dalan) road ." (.) PERIOD

9.21 Kanca (kanca) friend : (:) COLON "Hé (hé) hey , (,) COMMA kowé (kowé) you-INFORMAL sesuk (sesuk) tomorrow teka (teka) come ora (ora) not ?" (?) QUESTION

9.22 Bakul (bakul) seller : (:) COLON "Sampéyan (sampéyan) you-POLITE tumbas (tumbas) buy-POLITE napa (napa) what-POLITE dinten (dinten) day niki (niki) this-POLITE ?" (?) QUESTION

9.23 Pembeli (pembeli) buyer : (:) COLON "Njenengan (njenengan) you-FORMAL gadah (gadah) have-FORMAL gula (gula) sugar Jawi (Jawi) Javanese mboten (mboten) not-FORMAL ?" (?) QUESTION

9.24 Dalang (dalang) puppeteer : (:) COLON "Sira (sira) you-LITERARY iku (iku) that satriya (satriya) knight sing (sing) who bagus (bagus) handsome ." (.) PERIOD

9.25 Priyayi (priyayi) nobleman : (:) COLON "Panjenengan (panjenengan) you-FORMAL dalem (dalem) ROYAL kersa (kersa) willing-FORMAL nampi (nampi) receive-FORMAL tamu (tamu) guest ?" (?) QUESTION

9.26 Bocah (bocah) child : (:) COLON "Kon (kon) you-EASTERN kok (kok) EMPHASIS nakal (nakal) naughty banget (banget) very ta (ta) PARTICLE ?" (?) QUESTION

9.27 Simbah (simbah) grandparent : (:) COLON "Awakmu (awakmu) you-BODY kudu (kudu) must ngaji (ngaji) recite-Quran ben (ben) so-that pinter (pinter) smart ." (.) PERIOD

9.28 Tetangga (tetangga) neighbor : (:) COLON "Rika (rika) you-WESTERN wis (wis) already rampung (rampung) finish gaweyan (gaweyan) work durung (durung) not-yet ?" (?) QUESTION

9.29 Kyai (kyai) religious-teacher : (:) COLON "Panjenengan (panjenengan) you-FORMAL sedaya (sedaya) all-FORMAL kedah (kedah) must-FORMAL sami (sami) together-FORMAL ngibadah (ngibadah) worship ." (.) PERIOD

9.30 Adik (adik) younger-sibling : (:) COLON "Mas (mas) older-brother , (,) COMMA sampéyan (sampéyan) you-POLITE kapan (kapan) when mulih (mulih) go-home ?" (?) QUESTION

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B: Natural Sentences

9.16 Guru: "Panjenengan sampun maos serat Wedhatama dereng?" Teacher: "Have you read the Wedhatama text yet?"

9.17 Murid: "Sampun Pak, nanging kula dereng mangertos sedaya." Student: "Yes sir, but I don't understand everything yet."

9.18 Ibu: "Kowé aja lali madang sik ya." Mother: "Don't forget to eat first, okay."

9.19 Anak: "Inggih Bu, sampéyan pun mangan ta?" Child: "Yes mother, have you eaten too?"

9.20 Wong tuwa: "Sliramu aja kesusu ning dalan." Elder: "Don't hurry on the road."

9.21 Kanca: "Hé, kowé sesuk teka ora?" Friend: "Hey, are you coming tomorrow?"

9.22 Bakul: "Sampéyan tumbas napa dinten niki?" Seller: "What are you buying today?"

9.23 Pembeli: "Njenengan gadah gula Jawi mboten?" Buyer: "Do you have Javanese sugar?"

9.24 Dalang: "Sira iku satriya sing bagus." Puppeteer: "You are a handsome knight."

9.25 Priyayi: "Panjenengan dalem kersa nampi tamu?" Nobleman: "Would Your Highness receive guests?"

9.26 Bocah: "Kon kok nakal banget ta?" Child: "Why are you so naughty?"

9.27 Simbah: "Awakmu kudu ngaji ben pinter." Grandparent: "You must study Quran to be smart."

9.28 Tetangga: "Rika wis rampung gaweyan durung?" Neighbor: "Have you finished work yet?"

9.29 Kyai: "Panjenengan sedaya kedah sami ngibadah." Religious teacher: "You all must worship together."

9.30 Adik: "Mas, sampéyan kapan mulih?" Younger sibling: "Brother, when are you coming home?"

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C: Target Language Text Only

9.16 Guru: "Panjenengan sampun maos serat Wedhatama dereng?"

9.17 Murid: "Sampun Pak, nanging kula dereng mangertos sedaya."

9.18 Ibu: "Kowé aja lali madang sik ya."

9.19 Anak: "Inggih Bu, sampéyan pun mangan ta?"

9.20 Wong tuwa: "Sliramu aja kesusu ning dalan."

9.21 Kanca: "Hé, kowé sesuk teka ora?"

9.22 Bakul: "Sampéyan tumbas napa dinten niki?"

9.23 Pembeli: "Njenengan gadah gula Jawi mboten?"

9.24 Dalang: "Sira iku satriya sing bagus."

9.25 Priyayi: "Panjenengan dalem kersa nampi tamu?"

9.26 Bocah: "Kon kok nakal banget ta?"

9.27 Simbah: "Awakmu kudu ngaji ben pinter."

9.28 Tetangga: "Rika wis rampung gaweyan durung?"

9.29 Kyai: "Panjenengan sedaya kedah sami ngibadah."

9.30 Adik: "Mas, sampéyan kapan mulih?"

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D: Grammar and Vocabulary Explanation

This dialogue section demonstrates pronoun usage across various social contexts. Notice how children use sampéyan with parents but receive kowé in return, reflecting age hierarchy. The teacher-student exchange shows extreme formality with panjenengan and kula, using krama vocabulary throughout (maos instead of maca, mangertos instead of ngerti).

Regional variations appear naturally: kon in Eastern Javanese child speech, rika from Western dialect, and the literary sira in traditional puppet theater context. The phrase "panjenengan dalem" for royalty represents the highest respect level, rarely used in modern contexts except for Yogyakarta and Surakarta palace settings.

Code-switching occurs when speakers adjust formality mid-conversation. The mother uses informal kowé with her child but the child responds with polite sampéyan, showing learned respect. Among friends, kowé dominates unless age differences exist. The Islamic influence appears in "ngaji" (Quranic recitation) and "ngibadah" (worship), borrowings from Arabic fully integrated into Javanese.

Syntactically, questions often end with particles like ta (confirmation seeking) or ora (yes/no). The word order remains flexible but generally follows SVO pattern. Pronoun dropping occurs frequently: "Sesuk teka?" implies "you" without stating it.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Pronunciation Guide

IPA Transcriptions for Key Pronouns:

• kowé [kowe] - informal "you"

• sampéyan [sampɛjan] - polite "you"

• panjenengan [paɲjənəŋan] - formal "you"

• kon [kɔn] - Eastern "you"

• rika [rikaʔ] - Western "you"

Common Pronunciation Errors:

1. Not distinguishing é [e] from è [ɛ] changes meaning

2. Pronouncing silent h in words (h often not pronounced)

3. Missing retroflex sounds dh [ɖ] and th [ʈ]

4. Not nasalizing ng [ŋ] properly

5. Confusing ny [ɲ] with regular n

Tone and Stress Patterns: Javanese is not tonal but uses stress patterns. Generally, stress falls on the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable:

• ko-WÉ (informal you)

• sam-PÉ-yan (polite you)

• pan-je-NENG-an (formal you)

In compounds and borrowed words, stress patterns may shift. Sanskrit loanwords often retain original stress.

Audio Reference Suggestions:

• Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Yogyakarta for formal Javanese

• Javanese wayang (puppet) performances for literary pronunciation

• Local television stations in Central and East Java

• YouTube channels teaching Javanese conversation

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

About This Course

The Latinum Institute has been creating innovative language learning materials since 2006, pioneering the use of comprehensible input through interlinear glossing and construed texts. This method, inspired by Renaissance polyglot traditions, enables autodidact learners to rapidly acquire reading comprehension in any language by presenting the target language with immediate, word-by-word English glosses.

Our Javanese course addresses the unique challenges of this hierarchical language system, where social relationships determine vocabulary choices. The interlinear method particularly suits Javanese learning, as students can immediately see how speech levels affect entire sentences, not just individual words. This transparency accelerates understanding of the complex unggah-ungguh (speech level) system that often frustrates learners using traditional methods.

The course draws from classical texts like Serat Wedhatama alongside modern conversational Javanese, bridging the literary tradition with contemporary usage. Each lesson presents authentic Javanese in multiple formats—from carefully glossed beginner texts to unmodified native materials—allowing learners to gradually develop independent reading skills while appreciating the cultural depth embedded in the language.

For more courses and the complete index of lessons, visit https://latinum.substack.com/p/index or explore our full range of materials at latinum.org.uk. User reviews and testimonials available at https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Introduction

Welcome to Lesson 8 of the Javanese language course for English speakers. In this lesson, we will explore the first person singular pronoun "I" in Javanese, which has multiple forms depending on the level of formality and social context. For the complete course index and additional lessons, please visit https://latinum.substack.com/p/index

Definition: The word "I" in Javanese has three main forms:

• aku (informal/familiar)

• kula (polite/formal)

• dalem (very formal/royal)

FAQ Schema Q: What does "I" mean in Javanese? A: "I" in Javanese is expressed through three main pronouns: "aku" for informal speech among friends and family, "kula" for polite formal situations, and "dalem" for very formal or royal contexts. The choice depends on social hierarchy and politeness levels.

This lesson will demonstrate how these first person pronouns function in various sentence structures, showing their usage in different social contexts. Each example will illustrate the flexibility and social nuance of Javanese personal pronouns.

Educational Schema Subject: Javanese Language Learning Educational Level: Beginner to Intermediate Learning Objective: Master the use of first person pronouns in Javanese Language of Instruction: English Target Language: Javanese (Latin script and traditional script notation)

Key Takeaways

• Javanese has multiple words for "I" based on politeness levels

• aku is used informally with peers and family

• kula is the standard polite form

• dalem is extremely formal or royal

• Word order in Javanese typically follows Subject-Verb-Object pattern

• The choice of pronoun reflects Javanese cultural values of respect and hierarchy

Section A (Detailed Interlinear Glossing)

Note: Due to technical limitations, Javanese script (aksara Jawa) is represented by [JS] markers. The Latin transliteration follows standard conventions.

8.1a [JS] aku (a-ku) I [JS] tuku (tu-ku) buy [JS] sega (se-ga) rice [JS] ing (ing) at [JS] pasar (pa-sar) market 8.1b Aku tuku sega ing pasar

8.2a [JS] kula (ku-la) I-polite [JS] badhe (ba-dhe) will [JS] tindak (tin-dak) go [JS] dhateng (dha-teng) to [JS] Jakarta (Ja-kar-ta) Jakarta 8.2b Kula badhe tindak dhateng Jakarta

8.3a [JS] aku (a-ku) I [JS] seneng (se-neng) like [JS] banget (ba-nget) very [JS] karo (ka-ro) with [JS] kowe (ko-we) you 8.3b Aku seneng banget karo kowe

8.4a [JS] dalem (da-lem) I-royal [JS] ngaturaken (nga-tur-a-ken) present [JS] sembah (sem-bah) respect [JS] konjuk (kon-juk) to [JS] paduka (pa-du-ka) your-majesty 8.4b Dalem ngaturaken sembah konjuk paduka

8.5a [JS] kula (ku-la) I-polite [JS] sampun (sam-pun) already [JS] maos (ma-os) read [JS] serat (se-rat) letter [JS] panjenengan (pan-je-neng-an) your-polite 8.5b Kula sampun maos serat panjenengan

8.6a [JS] aku (a-ku) I [JS] ora (o-ra) not [JS] ngerti (nger-ti) understand [JS] basa (ba-sa) language [JS] Inggris (Ing-gris) English 8.6b Aku ora ngerti basa Inggris

8.7a [JS] kula (ku-la) I-polite [JS] nyuwun (nyu-wun) ask-for [JS] pangapunten (pang-a-pun-ten) forgiveness [JS] bilih (bi-lih) if [JS] wonten (won-ten) exist [JS] kalepatan (ka-le-pat-an) mistake 8.7b Kula nyuwun pangapunten bilih wonten kalepatan

8.8a [JS] aku (a-ku) I [JS] mangan (ma-ngan) eat [JS] rujak (ru-jak) fruit-salad [JS] karo (ka-ro) with [JS] kanca-kanca (kan-ca kan-ca) friends 8.8b Aku mangan rujak karo kanca-kanca

8.9a [JS] dalem (da-lem) I-royal [JS] kersa (ker-sa) willing [JS] nampi (nam-pi) receive [JS] dhawuh (dha-wuh) command [JS] paduka (pa-du-ka) your-majesty 8.9b Dalem kersa nampi dhawuh paduka

8.10a [JS] kula (ku-la) I-polite [JS] kinten (kin-ten) think [JS] benjing (ben-jing) tomorrow [JS] badhe (ba-dhe) will [JS] jawah (ja-wah) rain 8.10b Kula kinten benjing badhe jawah

8.11a [JS] aku (a-ku) I [JS] wis (wis) already [JS] rampung (ram-pung) finish [JS] garap (ga-rap) work-on [JS] tugas (tu-gas) assignment 8.11b Aku wis rampung garap tugas

8.12a [JS] kula (ku-la) I-polite [JS] boten (bo-ten) not [JS] saged (sa-ged) able [JS] rawuh (ra-wuh) come [JS] amargi (a-mar-gi) because [JS] sakit (sa-kit) sick 8.12b Kula boten saged rawuh amargi sakit

8.13a [JS] aku (a-ku) I [JS] kepengin (ke-pe-ngin) want [JS] sinau (si-nau) study [JS] gamelan (ga-me-lan) gamelan [JS] Jawa (Ja-wa) Javanese 8.13b Aku kepengin sinau gamelan Jawa

8.14a [JS] dalem (da-lem) I-royal [JS] atur (a-tur) present [JS] uninga (u-ning-a) information [JS] bilih (bi-lih) that [JS] nagari (na-ga-ri) kingdom [JS] tentrem (ten-trem) peaceful 8.14b Dalem atur uninga bilih nagari tentrem

8.15a [JS] kula (ku-la) I-polite [JS] nembe (nem-be) just [JS] pikantuk (pi-kan-tuk) receive [JS] warta (war-ta) news [JS] saking (sa-king) from [JS] kulawargi (ku-la-war-gi) family 8.15b Kula nembe pikantuk warta saking kulawargi

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

8.1 Aku tuku sega ing pasar. I buy rice at the market.

8.2 Kula badhe tindak dhateng Jakarta. I will go to Jakarta.

8.3 Aku seneng banget karo kowe. I really like you.

8.4 Dalem ngaturaken sembah konjuk paduka. I present my respects to your majesty.

8.5 Kula sampun maos serat panjenengan. I have already read your letter.

8.6 Aku ora ngerti basa Inggris. I don't understand English.

8.7 Kula nyuwun pangapunten bilih wonten kalepatan. I ask for forgiveness if there are mistakes.

8.8 Aku mangan rujak karo kanca-kanca. I eat fruit salad with friends.

8.9 Dalem kersa nampi dhawuh paduka. I am willing to receive your majesty's command.

8.10 Kula kinten benjing badhe jawah. I think tomorrow it will rain.

8.11 Aku wis rampung garap tugas. I have already finished working on the assignment.

8.12 Kula boten saged rawuh amargi sakit. I cannot come because I am sick.

8.13 Aku kepengin sinau gamelan Jawa. I want to study Javanese gamelan.

8.14 Dalem atur uninga bilih nagari tentrem. I inform that the kingdom is peaceful.

8.15 Kula nembe pikantuk warta saking kulawargi. I just received news from my family.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

8.1 Aku tuku sega ing pasar.

8.2 Kula badhe tindak dhateng Jakarta.

8.3 Aku seneng banget karo kowe.

8.4 Dalem ngaturaken sembah konjuk paduka.

8.5 Kula sampun maos serat panjenengan.

8.6 Aku ora ngerti basa Inggris.

8.7 Kula nyuwun pangapunten bilih wonten kalepatan.

8.8 Aku mangan rujak karo kanca-kanca.

8.9 Dalem kersa nampi dhawuh paduka.

8.10 Kula kinten benjing badhe jawah.

8.11 Aku wis rampung garap tugas.

8.12 Kula boten saged rawuh amargi sakit.

8.13 Aku kepengin sinau gamelan Jawa.

8.14 Dalem atur uninga bilih nagari tentrem.

8.15 Kula nembe pikantuk warta saking kulawargi.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D (Grammar Explanation for English Speakers)

Grammar Rules for "I" in Javanese

The Javanese language employs a complex system of speech levels (unggah-ungguh) that determines which form of "I" to use. This is fundamentally different from English, where "I" remains constant regardless of social context.

The Three Main Forms:

1. aku - Ngoko (informal) level

   • Used with friends, family members of similar age, or younger people

   • Conveys familiarity and closeness

   • Example: Aku tresna kowe (I love you - to a close friend or romantic partner)

2. kula - Krama (polite) level

   • Standard polite form used in formal situations

   • Used with strangers, elders, or in professional contexts

   • Example: Kula nyuwun tulung (I ask for help - politely)

3. dalem - Krama Inggil (high formal) level

   • Extremely formal, used in royal contexts or very formal ceremonies

   • Shows extreme deference and respect

   • Example: Dalem ngaturaken sembah (I offer respects - to royalty)

Common Mistakes

1. Using the wrong level of formality

   • English speakers often struggle with choosing the appropriate pronoun

   • Using "aku" with elders or superiors is considered rude

   • Using "dalem" in casual contexts sounds overly formal and strange

2. Direct translation from English

   • English speakers tend to overuse pronouns since English requires them

   • Javanese often drops pronouns when context is clear

   • Incorrect: Aku mangan, aku ngombe, aku turu (I eat, I drink, I sleep)

   • Better: Mangan, ngombe, turu (when context makes "I" obvious)

3. Mixing speech levels

   • Each pronoun belongs to a complete speech level system

   • Using "kula" with ngoko vocabulary creates inconsistency

   • Incorrect: Kula mangan (mixing krama pronoun with ngoko verb)

   • Correct: Kula nedha (both krama level)

Comparison with English

Unlike English's single pronoun "I," Javanese requires speakers to constantly evaluate social relationships and choose appropriate language. This reflects deep cultural values about respect, hierarchy, and social harmony that don't exist in English grammar.

Step-by-Step Guide to Choosing the Right "I"

1. Assess your relationship with the listener

   • Are they older or younger?

   • What is their social status?

   • How well do you know them?

2. Consider the context

   • Formal event → use "kula"

   • Casual conversation with peers → use "aku"

   • Royal or ceremonial context → use "dalem"

3. Match the entire speech level

   • If using "kula," use krama vocabulary throughout

   • If using "aku," use ngoko vocabulary

   • Maintain consistency within the sentence

Grammatical Summary

Pronoun Position: Javanese typically follows Subject-Verb-Object order, so "I" usually comes first in the sentence, but can be dropped when understood from context.

No conjugation needed: Unlike some languages, the pronoun doesn't change form based on the verb or grammatical case.

Affixes: The pronouns can take possessive suffixes:

• aku + -ku = ku (my)

• kula + possessive marker = kula (my, polite)

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section E (Cultural Context)

The Javanese pronoun system for "I" reflects profound cultural values that English speakers must understand to use the language appropriately. In Javanese society, the concept of "andhap asor" (humility) is central to communication. Choosing the wrong pronoun isn't just a grammatical error—it's a social transgression that can damage relationships.

The ngoko level (using "aku") creates intimacy and equality. It's the language of the heart, used between close friends, spouses, and with children. However, using "aku" with someone older or of higher status shows disrespect and poor upbringing. Javanese children learn early to switch to "kula" when addressing parents, teachers, or elders.

The krama level (using "kula") maintains social harmony by acknowledging differences in age, status, and familiarity. It's the default choice in uncertain situations—when meeting strangers, in professional settings, or in public spaces. Using "kula" shows good manners and cultural awareness.

The krama inggil level (using "dalem") preserves traditional hierarchies and is increasingly rare in modern usage. It appears in traditional ceremonies, when addressing royalty, or in classical Javanese literature and puppet shows (wayang).

This system contrasts sharply with English egalitarian values where everyone uses "I" regardless of social dynamics. For English speakers, mastering Javanese pronouns requires not just memorizing vocabulary but developing cultural sensitivity to read social situations and respond appropriately.

Modern Javanese, especially in urban areas, shows some simplification. Many young people default to Indonesian "saya" in formal situations to avoid the complexity of speech levels. However, traditional Javanese communities still maintain these distinctions, and using them correctly earns respect and opens doors to deeper cultural connections.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section F (Literary Citation)

Source: From the Serat Wedhatama by Mangkunegara IV (19th century)

Part F-A (Interlinear Analysis)

[JS] Ngelmu (ngel-mu) knowledge [JS] iku (i-ku) that [JS] kalakone (ka-la-ko-ne) is-practiced [JS] kanthi (kan-thi) with [JS] laku (la-ku) conduct. [JS] Lekase (le-ka-se) its-effort [JS] lawan (la-wan) with [JS] kas (kas) treasury, [JS] tegese (te-ge-se) meaning [JS] kas (kas) treasury [JS] nyantosani (nyan-to-sa-ni) strengthening. [JS] Setya (set-ya) loyal [JS] budya (bud-ya) intention [JS] pangekese (pa-nge-ke-se) its-restraint [JS] dur (dur) evil [JS] angkara (ang-ka-ra) greed.

Part F-B (Complete Text with Translation)

Ngelmu iku kalakone kanthi laku. Lekase lawan kas, tegese kas nyantosani. Setya budya pangekese dur angkara.

Knowledge is practiced through conduct. Its effort requires treasury, meaning treasury that strengthens. Loyal intention restrains evil greed.

Part F-C (Original Text Only)

Ngelmu iku kalakone kanthi laku. Lekase lawan kas, tegese kas nyantosani. Setya budya pangekese dur angkara.

Part F-D (Literary Analysis)

This passage from the Serat Wedhatama, written by Mangkunegara IV in the 19th century, represents classical Javanese wisdom literature. Though this excerpt doesn't contain the pronoun "I" directly, it demonstrates the philosophical context in which Javanese pronouns operate. The text emphasizes that knowledge (ngelmu) must be practiced with proper conduct (laku), reflecting the same cultural values that govern pronoun choice.

The language uses the middle speech level, accessible to general audiences while maintaining dignity. The absence of first-person pronouns is itself instructive—Javanese wisdom literature often presents universal truths without personalizing them with "I" statements, contrasting with English philosophical writing that might say "I think" or "I believe."

The concepts of restraint (pangekese) and proper conduct (laku) directly relate to the social awareness required for correct pronoun usage. Just as one must restrain evil impulses, one must carefully choose pronouns to maintain social harmony. This text reminds learners that Javanese language mastery involves not just grammar but understanding the cultural philosophy underlying linguistic choices.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Genre Section: Traditional Javanese Wedding Speech

Section A (Detailed Interlinear Glossing)

8.16a [JS] kula (ku-la) I-polite [JS] minangka (mi-nang-ka) as [JS] wakil (wa-kil) representative [JS] kulawargi (ku-la-war-gi) family [JS] ngaturaken (nga-tur-a-ken) express [JS] sugeng (su-geng) congratulations [JS] rawuh (ra-wuh) arrival 8.16b Kula minangka wakil kulawargi ngaturaken sugeng rawuh

8.17a [JS] aku (a-ku) I [JS] ngelingi (nge-ling-i) remember [JS] nalika (na-li-ka) when [JS] kowe (ko-we) you [JS] isih (i-sih) still [JS] cilik (ci-lik) small [JS] dolanan (do-lan-an) playing [JS] neng (neng) at [JS] latar (la-tar) yard 8.17b Aku ngelingi nalika kowe isih cilik dolanan neng latar

8.18a [JS] kula (ku-la) I-polite [JS] rumangsa (ru-mang-sa) feel [JS] bingah (bi-ngah) joy [JS] sanget (sa-nget) very [JS] saged (sa-ged) able [JS] ndherek (ndhe-rek) join [JS] pahargyan (pa-har-gyan) celebration [JS] menika (me-ni-ka) this 8.18b Kula rumangsa bingah sanget saged ndherek pahargyan menika

8.19a [JS] dalem (da-lem) I-royal [JS] ngaturaken (nga-tur-a-ken) present [JS] pangestu (pa-nges-tu) blessing [JS] mugi-mugi (mu-gi mu-gi) hopefully [JS] langgeng (lang-geng) eternal [JS] beja (be-ja) fortune [JS] wilujeng (wi-lu-jeng) safety 8.19b Dalem ngaturaken pangestu mugi-mugi langgeng beja wilujeng

8.20a [JS] aku (a-ku) I [JS] pancen (pan-cen) indeed [JS] ora (o-ra) not [JS] pinter (pin-ter) clever [JS] medhar (me-dhar) express [JS] sabda (sab-da) words [JS] ning (ning) but [JS] atiku (a-ti-ku) my-heart [JS] melu (me-lu) join [JS] bungah (bu-ngah) happy 8.20b Aku pancen ora pinter medhar sabda ning atiku melu bungah

8.21a [JS] kula (ku-la) I-polite [JS] nyuwun (nyu-wun) ask [JS] pangapunten (pang-a-pun-ten) forgiveness [JS] menawi (me-na-wi) if [JS] anggen (ang-gen) manner [JS] kula (ku-la) I-polite [JS] matur (ma-tur) speak [JS] wonten (won-ten) exist [JS] kirang (ki-rang) lacking 8.21b Kula nyuwun pangapunten menawi anggen kula matur wonten kirang

8.22a [JS] aku (a-ku) I [JS] kelingan (ke-ling-an) recall [JS] jaman (ja-man) era [JS] biyen (bi-yen) past [JS] nalika (na-li-ka) when [JS] padha (pa-dha) together [JS] sinau (si-nau) study [JS] bareng (ba-reng) together 8.22b Aku kelingan jaman biyen nalika padha sinau bareng

8.23a [JS] kula (ku-la) I-polite [JS] kepingin (ke-ping-in) wish [JS] maringi (ma-ring-i) give [JS] pitutur (pi-tu-tur) advice [JS] bilih (bi-lih) that [JS] gesang (ge-sang) life [JS] bebrayan (be-bra-yan) marriage [JS] kedah (ke-dah) must [JS] sabar (sa-bar) patient 8.23b Kula kepingin maringi pitutur bilih gesang bebrayan kedah sabar

8.24a [JS] dalem (da-lem) I-royal [JS] paring (pa-ring) give [JS] dhawuh (dha-wuh) word [JS] supados (su-pa-dos) so-that [JS] tansah (tan-sah) always [JS] eling (e-ling) mindful [JS] lan (lan) and [JS] waspada (was-pa-da) vigilant 8.24b Dalem paring dhawuh supados tansah eling lan waspada

8.25a [JS] aku (a-ku) I [JS] yakin (ya-kin) believe [JS] kowe (ko-we) you [JS] bakal (ba-kal) will [JS] dadi (da-di) become [JS] kulawarga (ku-la-war-ga) family [JS] sing (sing) that [JS] sakinah (sa-ki-nah) peaceful [JS] mawaddah (ma-wad-dah) loving [JS] warahmah (wa-rah-mah) blessed 8.25b Aku yakin kowe bakal dadi kulawarga sing sakinah mawaddah warahmah

8.26a [JS] kula (ku-la) I-polite [JS] ngaturaken (nga-tur-a-ken) present [JS] agunging (a-gung-ing) great [JS] panuwun (pa-nu-wun) thanks [JS] dhateng (dha-teng) to [JS] sedaya (se-da-ya) all [JS] ingkang (ing-kang) who [JS] sampun (sam-pun) already [JS] rawuh (ra-wuh) come 8.26b Kula ngaturaken agunging panuwun dhateng sedaya ingkang sampun rawuh

8.27a [JS] aku (a-ku) I [JS] ora (o-ra) not [JS] lali (la-li) forget [JS] matur (ma-tur) say [JS] nuwun (nu-wun) thanks [JS] marang (ma-rang) to [JS] sedulur (se-du-lur) relatives [JS] kabeh (ka-beh) all [JS] sing (sing) who [JS] teka (te-ka) come 8.27b Aku ora lali matur nuwun marang sedulur kabeh sing teka

8.28a [JS] kula (ku-la) I-polite [JS] ugi (u-gi) also [JS] badhe (ba-dhe) will [JS] matur (ma-tur) speak [JS] bilih (bi-lih) that [JS] acara (a-ca-ra) event [JS] menika (me-ni-ka) this [JS] saged (sa-ged) can [JS] lumampah (lu-lam-pah) proceed [JS] kanthi (kan-thi) with [JS] lancar (lan-car) smooth 8.28b Kula ugi badhe matur bilih acara menika saged lumampah kanthi lancar

8.29a [JS] dalem (da-lem) I-royal [JS] nampi (nam-pi) receive [JS] kanugrahan (ka-nu-gra-han) grace [JS] ingkang (ing-kang) which [JS] tanpa (tan-pa) without [JS] upami (u-pa-mi) measure [JS] saking (sa-king) from [JS] Gusti (Gus-ti) Lord [JS] Allah (Al-lah) Allah 8.29b Dalem nampi kanugrahan ingkang tanpa upami saking Gusti Allah

8.30a [JS] aku (a-ku) I [JS] tutup (tu-tup) close [JS] kanthi (kan-thi) with [JS] dongaku (do-nga-ku) my-prayer [JS] muga-muga (mu-ga mu-ga) hopefully [JS] antuk (an-tuk) receive [JS] berkah (ber-kah) blessing [JS] saka (sa-ka) from [JS] Gusti (Gus-ti) Lord 8.30b Aku tutup kanthi dongaku muga-muga antuk berkah saka Gusti

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

8.16 Kula minangka wakil kulawargi ngaturaken sugeng rawuh. I as the family representative express welcome.

8.17 Aku ngelingi nalika kowe isih cilik dolanan neng latar. I remember when you were still small playing in the yard.

8.18 Kula rumangsa bingah sanget saged ndherek pahargyan menika. I feel very joyful to be able to join this celebration.

8.19 Dalem ngaturaken pangestu mugi-mugi langgeng beja wilujeng. I present blessings, may there be eternal fortune and safety.

8.20 Aku pancen ora pinter medhar sabda ning atiku melu bungah. I indeed am not clever at expressing words but my heart joins in happiness.

8.21 Kula nyuwun pangapunten menawi anggen kula matur wonten kirang. I ask forgiveness if my manner of speaking is lacking.

8.22 Aku kelingan jaman biyen nalika padha sinau bareng. I recall the old days when we studied together.

8.23 Kula kepingin maringi pitutur bilih gesang bebrayan kedah sabar. I wish to give advice that married life requires patience.

8.24 Dalem paring dhawuh supados tansah eling lan waspada. I give word that you should always be mindful and vigilant.

8.25 Aku yakin kowe bakal dadi kulawarga sing sakinah mawaddah warahmah. I believe you will become a family that is peaceful, loving and blessed.

8.26 Kula ngaturaken agunging panuwun dhateng sedaya ingkang sampun rawuh. I express great thanks to all who have come.

8.27 Aku ora lali matur nuwun marang sedulur kabeh sing teka. I don't forget to say thanks to all relatives who came.

8.28 Kula ugi badhe matur bilih acara menika saged lumampah kanthi lancar. I also will say that this event can proceed smoothly.

8.29 Dalem nampi kanugrahan ingkang tanpa upami saking Gusti Allah. I receive grace without measure from Lord Allah.

8.30 Aku tutup kanthi dongaku muga-muga antuk berkah saka Gusti. I close with my prayer, hopefully receiving blessings from God.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

8.16 Kula minangka wakil kulawargi ngaturaken sugeng rawuh.

8.17 Aku ngelingi nalika kowe isih cilik dolanan neng latar.

8.18 Kula rumangsa bingah sanget saged ndherek pahargyan menika.

8.19 Dalem ngaturaken pangestu mugi-mugi langgeng beja wilujeng.

8.20 Aku pancen ora pinter medhar sabda ning atiku melu bungah.

8.21 Kula nyuwun pangapunten menawi anggen kula matur wonten kirang.

8.22 Aku kelingan jaman biyen nalika padha sinau bareng.

8.23 Kula kepingin maringi pitutur bilih gesang bebrayan kedah sabar.

8.24 Dalem paring dhawuh supados tansah eling lan waspada.

8.25 Aku yakin kowe bakal dadi kulawarga sing sakinah mawaddah warahmah.

8.26 Kula ngaturaken agunging panuwun dhateng sedaya ingkang sampun rawuh.

8.27 Aku ora lali matur nuwun marang sedulur kabeh sing teka.

8.28 Kula ugi badhe matur bilih acara menika saged lumampah kanthi lancar.

8.29 Dalem nampi kanugrahan ingkang tanpa upami saking Gusti Allah.

8.30 Aku tutup kanthi dongaku muga-muga antuk berkah saka Gusti.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D (Grammar Notes for Wedding Speech Genre)

Special Considerations for Wedding Speeches

In Javanese wedding speeches, the choice of first-person pronoun follows specific conventions that differ from everyday conversation:

1. Opening and Closing Formality Wedding speeches typically begin and end with formal language (krama), using "kula." This shows respect to the gathered audience regardless of personal relationships. The middle portions may shift to "aku" when sharing personal memories with the couple.

2. Pronoun Shifting Notice in examples 8.16-8.30 how speakers strategically shift between pronouns:

• "kula" when addressing the general audience

• "aku" when sharing intimate memories or addressing the couple directly

• "dalem" only in highly ceremonial moments or blessings

3. Religious Context When invoking religious blessings (examples 8.29-8.30), speakers often elevate their language. Some use "dalem" when speaking about receiving divine grace, while others maintain "kula" or even "aku" to express personal humility before God.

4. Formulaic Expressions Certain phrases in wedding speeches are formulaic and always use specific pronouns:

• "Kula ngaturaken..." (I express/present...) - formal presentation

• "Aku yakin..." (I believe...) - personal conviction

• "Kula nyuwun pangapunten..." (I ask forgiveness...) - ritual humility

5. Audience Awareness Wedding speeches require constant audience awareness. Even close family members use "kula" in their formal remarks to show respect to other guests. The pronoun choice acknowledges that the speech is a public performance, not private conversation.

Common Speech Patterns:

• Opening: Always "kula" for greetings

• Personal anecdotes: Can shift to "aku"

• Advice giving: Usually "kula" to maintain authority

• Blessings: Variable, can be any level depending on speaker's role

• Closing: Return to "kula" for formal thanks

This genre demonstrates how Javanese speakers fluidly navigate speech levels within a single discourse, using pronouns as social tools to create appropriate distance or intimacy moment by moment.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

About This Course

The Latinum Institute has been creating innovative online language learning materials since 2006, pioneering self-directed learning approaches for classical and modern languages. These lessons are specifically designed for autodidacts—independent learners who prefer to study at their own pace without formal classroom instruction.

This course follows the methodology detailed at latinum.substack.com and latinum.org.uk, emphasizing:

• Comprehensible Input: Each lesson provides extensive interlinear glossing to make texts immediately accessible

• Contextual Learning: Grammar emerges naturally from authentic texts rather than abstract rules

• Cultural Integration: Language learning includes cultural context essential for appropriate usage

• Progressive Complexity: Lessons build systematically from simple to complex structures

• Multiple Registers: Exposure to various speech levels and genres prepares learners for real communication

The interleaved format in Section A allows beginners to decode texts word-by-word while simultaneously seeing natural sentence structures. This approach, refined over nearly two decades of online teaching, helps learners develop intuitive understanding alongside analytical knowledge.

For autodidacts, these lessons offer several advantages:

• Complete transparency in all translations and glossing

• No assumed prior knowledge beyond the lesson sequence

• Cultural notes that prevent social errors

• Literary excerpts that connect learners to authentic Javanese texts

• Genre sections that demonstrate practical language use

The Latinum Institute's commitment to accessible, high-quality language education has earned positive reviews from learners worldwide. See testimonials at https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk

These Javanese lessons represent the Institute's expansion into modern Asian languages while maintaining the rigorous methodology developed for classical language instruction. Each lesson stands alone while building toward comprehensive proficiency, supporting learners whether they study for cultural interest, professional needs, or personal enrichment.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Introduction

Welcome to Lesson 7 of the Javanese language course for English speakers. This lesson focuses on the Javanese equivalents of the English preposition "in," which are primarily ing (ꦲꦶꦁ), nèng (ꦤꦺꦁ), and ana ing (ꦲꦤꦲꦶꦁ). These prepositions are fundamental to expressing location, time, and various spatial relationships in Javanese.

For the complete course index and additional lessons, please visit: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index

Definition: In Javanese, "in" is expressed through several forms depending on context and formality:

• ing (ꦲꦶꦁ) - the most common form, used in standard and formal Javanese

• nèng (ꦤꦺꦁ) - colloquial form, more common in everyday speech

• ana ing (ꦲꦤꦲꦶꦁ) - emphatic form meaning "there is/are in"

FAQ Schema Q: What does "in" mean in Javanese? A: "In" in Javanese is expressed as "ing" (ꦲꦶꦁ) in formal contexts and "nèng" (ꦤꦺꦁ) in casual speech. Both indicate location within, during, or at a place or time.

Educational Schema Subject: Javanese Language Learning Topic: Prepositions - "in" (ing/nèng) Level: Beginner Type: Reading Lesson Audience: English-speaking autodidact learners

How this topic word will be used: Throughout this lesson, you'll encounter "ing" and "nèng" in various contexts - indicating physical location (in the house), temporal location (in the morning), and abstract concepts (in happiness). The examples progress from simple spatial uses to more complex idiomatic expressions.

Key Takeaways:

1. "Ing" is the formal/written form while "nèng" is colloquial

2. Both can indicate location, time, and abstract concepts

3. "Ana ing" adds emphasis or existence ("there is in")

4. Word order differs from English - Javanese often places location after the subject

5. Context determines which form is most appropriate

Section A (Detailed Interlinear Glossing)

7.1 ꦲꦏꦸ aku (a-ku) I ꦠꦶꦢꦸꦂ turu (tu-ru) sleep ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦏꦩꦂ kamar (ka-mar) room

7.2 ꦧꦥꦏ꧀ bapak (ba-pak) father ꦏꦼꦂꦗ kerja (ker-ja) work ꦤꦺꦁ nèng (nèng) in ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂ kantor (kan-tor) office

7.3 ꦧꦺꦧꦼꦏ꧀ bebek (be-bek) duck ꦔꦭꦁꦪꦶ nglangi (nglang-i) swim ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦠꦼꦭꦒ telaga (te-la-ga) pond

7.4 ꦲꦤ ana (a-na) there-is ꦮꦺꦴꦁ wong (wong) person ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦢꦭꦤ꧀ dalan (da-lan) road

7.5 ꦱꦶꦩꦸ꧀ꦧꦃ simbah (sim-bah) grandmother ꦭꦸꦁꦒꦸꦃ lungguh (lung-guh) sit ꦤꦺꦁ nèng (nèng) in ꦏꦸꦂꦱꦶ kursi (kur-si) chair

7.6 ꦏꦸꦕꦶꦁ kucing (ku-cing) cat ꦢꦼꦭꦶꦏ꧀ delik (de-lik) hide ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦤꦒꦶꦱꦺꦴꦂ ngisor (ngi-sor) under ꦩꦺꦗ meja (me-ja) table

7.7 ꦩꦱ꧀ mas (mas) older-brother ꦱꦶꦤꦻ sinau (si-nau) study ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦥꦼꦂꦥꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦏꦤ꧀ perpustakan (per-pus-ta-kan) library

7.8 ꦥꦶꦠꦶꦏ꧀ pitik (pi-tik) chicken ꦧꦼꦂꦠꦼꦭꦸꦂ bertelur (ber-te-lur) lay-eggs ꦤꦺꦁ nèng (nèng) in ꦏꦤ꧀ꦝꦁ kandhang (kan-dhang) coop

7.9 ꦲꦶꦧꦸ ibu (i-bu) mother ꦩꦱꦏ꧀ masak (ma-sak) cook ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦥꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ pawon (pa-won) kitchen

7.10 ꦏꦮꦤ꧀ kawan (ka-wan) friend ꦢꦺꦮꦺ déwé (dé-wé) I ꦏꦼꦠꦼꦩꦸ ketemu (ke-te-mu) meet ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦥꦱꦂ pasar (pa-sar) market

7.11 ꦧꦺꦴꦕꦃ bocah (bo-cah) child ꦢꦺꦴꦭꦤꦤ꧀ dolanan (do-la-nan) play ꦤꦺꦁ nèng (nèng) in ꦭꦥꦁꦤ꧀ lapangan (la-pang-an) field

7.12 ꦒꦩ꧀ꦧꦂ gambar (gam-bar) picture ꦲꦶꦏꦸ iku (i-ku) that ꦲꦤ ana (a-na) there-is ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦧꦸꦏꦸ buku (bu-ku) book

7.13 ꦒꦸꦂꦮ guru (gu-ru) teacher ꦤꦸꦭꦶꦱ꧀ nulis (nu-lis) write ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦥꦥꦤ꧀ papan (pa-pan) board ꦠꦸꦭꦶꦱ꧀ tulis (tu-lis) writing

7.14 ꦠꦸꦫꦶꦱ꧀ turis (tu-ris) tourist ꦔꦶꦤꦼꦥ꧀ nginep (ngi-nep) stay ꦤꦺꦁ nèng (nèng) in ꦲꦺꦴꦠꦺꦭ꧀ hotel (ho-tel) hotel

7.15 ꦫꦗ raja (ra-ja) king ꦩꦼꦔ꧀ꦒꦺꦴꦤ꧀ manggon (mang-gon) reside ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦏꦫꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ karaton (ka-ra-ton) palace

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

7.1 Aku turu ing kamar. I sleep in the room.

7.2 Bapak kerja nèng kantor. Father works in the office.

7.3 Bebek nglangi ing telaga. The duck swims in the pond.

7.4 Ana wong ing dalan. There is a person in the road.

7.5 Simbah lungguh nèng kursi. Grandmother sits in the chair.

7.6 Kucing delik ing ngisor meja. The cat hides under the table.

7.7 Mas sinau ing perpustakan. Older brother studies in the library.

7.8 Pitik bertelur nèng kandhang. The chicken lays eggs in the coop.

7.9 Ibu masak ing pawon. Mother cooks in the kitchen.

7.10 Kawan déwé ketemu ing pasar. My friend meets (me) in the market.

7.11 Bocah dolanan nèng lapangan. Children play in the field.

7.12 Gambar iku ana ing buku. That picture is in the book.

7.13 Guru nulis ing papan tulis. The teacher writes on the blackboard.

7.14 Turis nginep nèng hotel. Tourists stay in the hotel.

7.15 Raja manggon ing karaton. The king resides in the palace.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

7.1 Aku turu ing kamar.

7.2 Bapak kerja nèng kantor.

7.3 Bebek nglangi ing telaga.

7.4 Ana wong ing dalan.

7.5 Simbah lungguh nèng kursi.

7.6 Kucing delik ing ngisor meja.

7.7 Mas sinau ing perpustakan.

7.8 Pitik bertelur nèng kandhang.

7.9 Ibu masak ing pawon.

7.10 Kawan déwé ketemu ing pasar.

7.11 Bocah dolanan nèng lapangan.

7.12 Gambar iku ana ing buku.

7.13 Guru nulis ing papan tulis.

7.14 Turis nginep nèng hotel.

7.15 Raja manggon ing karaton.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D (Grammar Explanation for English Speakers)

Grammar Rules for "in" in Javanese

The Javanese language uses several forms to express the English preposition "in":

1. Ing (ꦲꦶꦁ) - The standard form

   • Used in formal speech and writing

   • Pronounced as "ing" (rhymes with "sing")

   • Example: ing omah (in the house)

2. Nèng (ꦤꦺꦁ) - The colloquial form

   • Used in everyday conversation

   • Pronounced "neng" with è as in "bed"

   • Example: nèng pasar (in the market)

3. Ana ing (ꦲꦤꦲꦶꦁ) - The existential form

   • Literally means "there is/are in"

   • Used for emphasis or to indicate presence

   • Example: ana wong ing dalan (there is a person in the road)

Common Mistakes

1. Overusing "ana ing": English speakers often overuse "ana ing" when simple "ing" suffices. Use "ana ing" only when emphasizing existence or presence.

   • Wrong: Aku ana ing omah (I there-is in house)

   • Right: Aku ing omah (I am in the house)

2. Mixing formal and informal registers: Don't mix "ing" and "nèng" in the same sentence or conversation. Choose one register and stick with it.

   • Wrong: Bapak kerja ing kantor, terus mangan nèng restoran

   • Right: Bapak kerja ing kantor, terus mangan ing restoran

3. Word order confusion: Unlike English, Javanese often places the location after the verb.

   • English: I sleep in the room

   • Javanese: Aku turu ing kamar (I sleep in room)

Comparisons with English

1. Coverage: Javanese "ing/nèng" covers more ground than English "in":

   • English "at": at school = ing sekolah

   • English "on": on the table = ing meja

   • English "in": in the house = ing omah

2. No article needed: Unlike English, Javanese doesn't require articles

   • English: in THE house

   • Javanese: ing omah (no "the" equivalent needed)

Step-by-Step Guide

1. Identify the context (formal or informal)

2. Choose ing (formal) or nèng (informal)

3. Place it directly before the location word

4. Remember: no articles needed

5. For emphasis on existence, use "ana ing"

Grammatical Summary

Forms of "in":

• ing - standard/formal

• nèng - colloquial/informal

• ana ing - existential/emphatic

• ing ngisor - under (literally "in below")

• ing dhuwur - above (literally "in above")

Position: Always precedes the noun it modifies No declension or conjugation required Combines with other words for compound prepositions

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section E (Cultural Context)

Understanding the use of "ing" and "nèng" in Javanese requires appreciation of Javanese social hierarchy and speech levels. Javanese culture places great emphasis on showing respect through language choice, and this extends to prepositions.

Formal vs. Informal Contexts

The choice between "ing" and "nèng" often reflects the social situation. "Ing" appears in:

• Written texts and literature

• News broadcasts and formal speeches

• Academic settings

• Religious contexts

• Speaking to or about respected individuals

"Nèng" is preferred in:

• Casual conversation with friends

• Family settings

• Market transactions

• Children's speech

• Folk songs and informal storytelling

Spatial Concepts in Javanese Culture

Javanese spatial orientation differs from Western concepts. The language reflects a worldview where:

• Sacred spaces (temples, palaces) require more formal language

• The house is divided into public (ngarep) and private (mburi) spaces

• Vertical hierarchy matters (ing dhuwur = above/superior, ing ngisor = below/inferior)

Regional Variations

Different regions of Java show preferences:

• Central Javanese tends toward "ing" even in casual speech

• East Javanese more freely uses "nèng"

• Yogyakarta dialect maintains strict ing/nèng distinctions based on social hierarchy

Modern Usage

Contemporary Javanese, especially among youth, increasingly uses "nèng" in contexts where "ing" was traditional. However, formal education and media still promote "ing" as the standard form. Understanding both forms is essential for navigating modern Javanese society.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section F (Literary Citation)

From the classical Javanese poem "Kakawin Ramayana" (Old Javanese, 9th century):

Part F-A (Interlinear Analysis - Construed Text)

ꦱꦶꦁ Sang (sang) the ꦥꦿꦧꦸ prabu (pra-bu) king ꦭꦸꦩꦼꦔ꧀ꦒꦃ lenggah (leng-gah) sit ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦱꦶꦁꦱꦤ singgasana (sing-ga-sa-na) throne ꦩꦼꦏꦠꦤ꧀ mekatan (me-ka-tan) all ꦥꦿ para (pa-ra) the ꦩꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦶ mantri (man-tri) ministers ꦲꦸꦩꦢꦼꦒ꧀ umadeg (u-ma-deg) stand ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦔꦂꦱꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ ngarsanipun (ngar-sa-ni-pun) his-presence ꦱꦸꦫꦾ surya (sur-ya) sun ꦏꦸꦩꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦁ kumembang (ku-mem-bang) shine ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦮꦶꦪꦠ꧀ wiyat (wi-yat) sky ꦮꦺꦠꦤ꧀ wetan (we-tan) east ꦲꦚ꧀ꦕꦁ anjang (an-jang) reaching ꦕꦲꦾ cahya (ca-hya) light ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦏꦢꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ kadaton (ka-da-ton) palace

Part F-B (Complete Translation)

Sang prabu lenggah ing singgasana, mekatan para mantri umadeg ing ngarsanipun. Surya kumembang ing wiyat wetan, anjang cahya ing kadaton.

The king sits on the throne, all the ministers stand in his presence. The sun shines in the eastern sky, its light reaching into the palace.

Part F-C (Original Text)

Sang prabu lenggah ing singgasana, mekatan para mantri umadeg ing ngarsanipun. Surya kumembang ing wiyat wetan, anjang cahya ing kadaton.

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

This classical text demonstrates multiple uses of "ing":

• Physical location: ing singgasana (on the throne)

• Spatial presence: ing ngarsanipun (in his presence)

• Natural phenomena: ing wiyat wetan (in the eastern sky)

• Movement into space: ing kadaton (into the palace)

Note the consistent use of "ing" throughout this formal, literary text. Classical Javanese literature exclusively uses "ing" rather than the colloquial "nèng." The passage also shows how "ing" can indicate both static location (on the throne) and directional movement (light reaching into the palace).

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Genre Section: Traditional Market Scene

Section A (Detailed Interlinear Glossing)

7.16 ꦮꦺꦴꦁ wong (wong) person ꦢꦺꦴꦢꦺꦴꦭ꧀ dodol (do-dol) vendor ꦗꦗꦤꦤ꧀ jajanan (ja-ja-nan) snacks ꦭꦸꦁꦒꦸꦃ lungguh (lung-guh) sit ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦥꦶꦁꦒꦶꦂ pinggir (ping-gir) edge ꦢꦭꦤ꧀ dalan (da-lan) road

7.17 ꦧꦏꦸꦭ꧀ bakul (ba-kul) merchant ꦱꦪꦸꦂ sayur (sa-yur) vegetable ꦤꦠ nata (na-ta) arrange ꦢꦒꦁꦔꦤ꧀ dagangan (da-gang-an) merchandise ꦤꦺꦁ nèng (nèng) in ꦩꦺꦗ meja (me-ja) table

7.18 ꦧꦺꦴꦕꦃ bocah (bo-cah) child ꦕꦶꦭꦶꦏ꧀ cilik (ci-lik) small ꦥ꧀ꦭꦪꦸ playu (pla-yu) run ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦫ antara (an-ta-ra) between ꦮꦫꦸꦁ warung (wa-rung) stall

7.19 ꦩꦧꦺꦴꦏ꧀ mbok (mbok) aunt ꦗꦩꦸ jamu (ja-mu) herbal-medicine ꦒꦺꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦴꦁ gendong (gen-dong) carry ꦧꦏꦸꦭ꧀ bakul (ba-kul) basket ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦒꦼꦒꦼꦂ geger (ge-ger) back

7.20 ꦠꦸꦏꦁ tukang (tu-kang) craftsman ꦱꦪꦸꦂ sayur (sa-yur) vegetable ꦚꦸꦮꦸꦤ꧀ nyuwun (nyu-wun) ask ꦫꦼꦒ rega (re-ga) price ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦮꦫꦸꦁ warung (wa-rung) stall ꦧꦸ bu (bu) mother ꦱꦶꦠꦶ Siti (si-ti) Siti

7.21 ꦏꦸꦕꦶꦁ kucing (ku-cing) cat ꦭꦸꦮꦼ luwe (lu-we) hungry ꦩꦢꦼꦂ mider (mi-der) wander ꦤꦺꦁ nèng (nèng) in ꦕꦼꦝꦏ꧀ cedhak (ce-dhak) near ꦮꦫꦸꦁ warung (wa-rung) stall ꦲꦶꦮꦏ꧀ iwak (i-wak) fish

7.22 ꦮꦺꦴꦁ wong (wong) person ꦠꦸꦮ tuwa (tu-wa) old ꦠꦸꦏꦸ tuku (tu-ku) buy ꦦꦩ꧀ꦧꦸ tembu (tem-bu) tobacco ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦠꦺꦴꦏꦺꦴ toko (to-ko) shop ꦱꦸꦢꦸꦠ꧀ sudut (su-dut) corner

7.23 ꦲꦤꦏ꧀ anak (a-nak) child ꦮꦼꦢꦺꦴꦏ꧀ wedok (we-dok) girl ꦤꦸꦁꦒꦸ nunggu (nung-gu) wait ꦲꦶꦧꦸꦏ꧀ꦤꦺ ibukné (i-buk-né) her-mother ꦤꦺꦁ nèng (nèng) in ꦱꦁ꧀ꦒꦼꦂ sangger (sang-ger) under ꦥꦪꦸꦁ payung (pa-yung) umbrella

7.24 ꦠꦸꦏꦁ tukang (tu-kang) craftsman ꦧꦕꦏ꧀ becak (be-cak) pedicab ꦥꦼꦝꦺꦴꦠ꧀ pedhot (pe-dhot) rest ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦥꦿꦺꦔꦤ꧀ prènggan (prèng-gan) shade ꦮꦶꦠ꧀ wit (wit) tree

7.25 ꦩꦺꦩꦥꦸꦁ mempung (mem-pung) while ꦫꦩꦺ rame (ra-me) crowded ꦥꦫ para (pa-ra) the ꦧꦏꦸꦭ꧀ bakul (ba-kul) merchant ꦥꦢ pada (pa-da) all ꦱꦼꦤꦼꦁ seneng (se-neng) happy ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦲꦠꦶ ati (a-ti) heart

7.26 ꦠꦸꦏꦁ tukang (tu-kang) worker ꦥꦏꦸꦫ꧀ parkir (par-kir) parking ꦔꦠꦸꦂ ngatur (nga-tur) arrange ꦩꦺꦴꦠꦺꦴꦂ motor (mo-tor) motorcycle ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦭꦠꦂ latar (la-tar) yard ꦥꦱꦂ pasar (pa-sar) market

7.27 ꦮꦺꦴꦁ wong (wong) person ꦠꦸꦏꦸ tuku (tu-ku) buyer ꦩꦶꦭꦶꦃ milih (mi-lih) choose ꦏꦩ꧀ꦧꦁ kambang (kam-bang) flower ꦤꦺꦁ nèng (nèng) in ꦧꦏꦸꦭ꧀ bakul (ba-kul) basket ꦒꦼꦢꦺ gedhe (ge-dhe) big

7.28 ꦱꦼꦢꦸꦭꦸꦂ sedulur (se-du-lur) relatives ꦥꦢ pada (pa-da) all ꦏꦸꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦭ꧀ kumpul (kum-pul) gather ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦮꦫꦸꦁ warung (wa-rung) stall ꦏꦺꦴꦥꦶ kopi (ko-pi) coffee

7.29 ꦥꦺꦩꦸꦢ pemuda (pe-mu-da) youth ꦒꦮ gawa (ga-wa) carry ꦏꦂꦢꦸꦱ꧀ kardus (kar-dus) box ꦒꦼꦢꦺ gedhe (ge-dhe) big ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦱꦶꦫꦃ sirah (si-rah) head

7.30 ꦱꦸꦮꦫ suwara (su-wa-ra) sound ꦲꦝꦤ꧀ adzan (a-dzan) call-to-prayer ꦏꦼꦥꦶꦂꦔꦸ kepireng (ke-pi-reng) heard ꦲꦶꦁ ing (ing) in ꦱꦏꦧꦺꦃ sakèh (sa-kèh) throughout ꦥꦱꦂ pasar (pa-sar) market

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

7.16 Wong dodol jajanan lungguh ing pinggir dalan. The snack vendor sits at the edge of the road.

7.17 Bakul sayur nata dagangan nèng meja. The vegetable merchant arranges merchandise on the table.

7.18 Bocah cilik playu ing antara warung. Small children run between the stalls.

7.19 Mbok jamu gendong bakul ing geger. The herbal medicine lady carries a basket on her back.

7.20 Tukang sayur nyuwun rega ing warung Bu Siti. The vegetable buyer asks the price at Mother Siti's stall.

7.21 Kucing luwe mider nèng cedhak warung iwak. A hungry cat wanders near the fish stall.

7.22 Wong tuwa tuku tembu ing toko sudut. An old person buys tobacco in the corner shop.

7.23 Anak wedok nunggu ibukné nèng sangger payung. A girl waits for her mother under the umbrella.

7.24 Tukang becak pedhot ing prènggan wit. The pedicab driver rests in the tree shade.

7.25 Mempung rame, para bakul pada seneng ing ati. While it's crowded, the merchants are all happy in their hearts.

7.26 Tukang parkir ngatur motor ing latar pasar. The parking attendant arranges motorcycles in the market yard.

7.27 Wong tuku milih kambang nèng bakul gedhe. A buyer chooses flowers in a large basket.

7.28 Sedulur pada kumpul ing warung kopi. Relatives gather at the coffee stall.

7.29 Pemuda gawa kardus gedhe ing sirah. A youth carries a large box on his head.

7.30 Suwara adzan kepireng ing sakèh pasar. The call to prayer is heard throughout the market.

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

7.16 Wong dodol jajanan lungguh ing pinggir dalan.

7.17 Bakul sayur nata dagangan nèng meja.

7.18 Bocah cilik playu ing antara warung.

7.19 Mbok jamu gendong bakul ing geger.

7.20 Tukang sayur nyuwun rega ing warung Bu Siti.

7.21 Kucing luwe mider nèng cedhak warung iwak.

7.22 Wong tuwa tuku tembu ing toko sudut.

7.23 Anak wedok nunggu ibukné nèng sangger payung.

7.24 Tukang becak pedhot ing prènggan wit.

7.25 Mempung rame, para bakul pada seneng ing ati.

7.26 Tukang parkir ngatur motor ing latar pasar.

7.27 Wong tuku milih kambang nèng bakul gedhe.

7.28 Sedulur pada kumpul ing warung kopi.

7.29 Pemuda gawa kardus gedhe ing sirah.

7.30 Suwara adzan kepireng ing sakèh pasar.

Section D (Grammar Notes for Traditional Market Genre)

Special Uses of ing/nèng in Market Context

The traditional market scene demonstrates several important patterns:

1. Physical Location Specificity

   • ing pinggir dalan (at the road's edge) - specific position

   • nèng meja (on the table) - surface location

   • ing antara warung (between stalls) - relational position

2. Body Part Locations

   • ing geger (on the back) - carrying position

   • ing sirah (on the head) - traditional carrying method

   • ing ati (in the heart) - emotional state

3. Market-Specific Prepositions

   • ing warung X (at X's stall) - possessive location

   • nèng cedhak (near/in the vicinity of) - proximity

   • ing sakèh (throughout) - distributed location

4. Formal vs. Informal in Market Speech

   • Vendors often use nèng (informal) with regular customers

   • ing appears in announcements or formal transactions

   • Mixed usage reflects social dynamics

5. Extended Meanings in Commerce

   • ing rega (in price) - abstract use

   • ing ati (in heart) - emotional state

   • ing wektu (in time) - temporal use

This genre shows how ing/nèng usage varies with:

• Social relationship between speakers

• Type of transaction

• Physical vs. abstract reference

• Traditional vs. modern contexts

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

About this Course

The Latinum Institute has been creating innovative online language learning materials since 2006, pioneering self-directed learning approaches for classical and modern languages. These lessons represent a unique method developed specifically for autodidact learners who prefer structured, comprehensive materials they can study independently.

The Latinum Method

Drawing from the Institute's extensive experience teaching Latin, Ancient Greek, and other languages, these Javanese lessons employ several key principles:

1. Interlinear Translation: Each lesson begins with detailed word-by-word glossing, allowing learners to understand the exact correspondence between Javanese and English. This granular approach helps beginners grasp both vocabulary and sentence structure simultaneously.

2. Progressive Complexity: Examples start simple and gradually introduce more complex grammatical structures, idiomatic expressions, and cultural contexts. This scaffolding approach ensures steady progress without overwhelming the learner.

3. Authentic Texts: Literary citations come from genuine Javanese sources, providing exposure to real language use rather than artificial textbook sentences. This helps learners develop an ear for natural Javanese expression.

4. Cultural Integration: Language and culture are inseparable. Each lesson includes cultural notes that explain not just what to say, but when and why certain forms are appropriate in Javanese society.

5. Multiple Learning Styles: By presenting the same content in different formats (interlinear, complete sentences, Javanese only, grammar explanations), the lessons accommodate various learning preferences and reinforce retention through repetition with variation.

Why This Method Works for Autodidacts

Self-directed learners need materials that are:

• Complete and self-contained (no teacher required)

• Clear in explanation (no assumed prior knowledge)

• Practical in application (real-world usage)

• Flexible in pace (learn at your own speed)

These lessons fulfill all these requirements, providing everything needed to progress from complete beginner to functional user of Javanese.

About the Latinum Institute

Since 2006, the Latinum Institute has helped thousands of students worldwide learn languages independently. The Institute's materials are used by homeschoolers, university students, professionals, and lifelong learners across the globe.

For more testimonials and reviews from satisfied learners, visit: https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk

To explore the complete course catalog and methodology in detail, visit:

• Course Index: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index

• Methodology: https://latinum.substack.com/p/method

• Main Website: https://latinum.org.uk

The Latinum Institute continues to expand its offerings, bringing the same rigorous, autodidact-friendly approach to new languages. These Javanese lessons represent the latest addition to a growing family of language courses designed for independent learners who value depth, authenticity, and cultural understanding in their language studies.

Introduction

Welcome to Lesson 6 of the Latinum Institute's Modern Javanese Course. This lesson focuses on the English word "to" and its various equivalents in Javanese. For a complete index of all lessons in this course, please visit https://latinum.substack.com/p/index.

Definition: In Javanese, the English preposition "to" is expressed through several words depending on context:

• menyang/nang (ꦩꦼꦚꦁ/ꦤꦁ) - directional "to" (to a place)

• marang (ꦩꦫꦁ) - "to" a person or recipient

• kanggo (ꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴ) - "for/to" indicating purpose

• dhateng (ꦝꦠꦼꦁ) - formal/respectful "to"

FAQ Schema Question: What does "to" mean in Javanese? Answer: The English word "to" has multiple translations in Javanese. The most common are "menyang" (to a place), "marang" (to a person), and "kanggo" (for a purpose). The choice depends on whether you're indicating direction, recipient, or purpose.

Educational Schema Course: Javanese Language Learning Level: Beginner Lesson: 6 - Prepositions Topic: The word "to" and its uses Language of Instruction: English Target Language: Javanese (Traditional Script and Latin Script) Skills: Reading, Grammar, Cultural Understanding

How this topic word will be used: In this lesson, you will encounter 15 varied examples showing how "to" is expressed in different Javanese contexts. Each example demonstrates natural usage in everyday situations, from simple directions to complex purposes.

Key Takeaways:

1. Javanese uses different words for "to" depending on context

2. "Menyang/nang" indicates movement to a place

3. "Marang" indicates direction toward a person or giving to someone

4. "Kanggo" expresses purpose or intention

5. "Dhateng" is the respectful/formal form

6. Word order in Javanese often differs from English

Section A (Detailed Interlinear Glossing)

6.1a ꦲꦏꦸ I ꦩꦼꦚꦁ to ꦥꦱꦂ market 6.1b Aku (a-ku) I menyang (me-nyang) to pasar (pa-sar) market

6.2a ꦲꦶꦧꦸ mother ꦩꦫꦶꦤꦶ gives ꦝꦸꦮꦶꦠ꧀ money ꦩꦫꦁ to ꦲꦤꦏ꧀ child 6.2b Ibu (i-bu) mother maringi (ma-ring-i) gives dhuwit (dhu-wit) money marang (ma-rang) to anak (a-nak) child

6.3a ꦱꦼꦥꦼꦝ bicycle ꦲꦶꦏꦶ this ꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴ for ꦱꦶꦁ who ꦱꦼꦏꦺꦴꦭꦃ school 6.3b Sepedha (se-pe-dha) bicycle iki (i-ki) this kanggo (kang-go) for sing (sing) who sekolah (se-ko-lah) school

6.4a ꦧꦥꦏ꧀ father ꦮꦶꦱ꧀ already ꦮꦁꦱꦸꦭ꧀ return ꦝꦠꦼꦁ to ꦒꦿꦶꦪ home 6.4b Bapak (ba-pak) father wis (wis) already wangsul (wang-sul) return dhateng (dha-teng) to griya (gri-ya) home

6.5a ꦏꦮꦤ꧀ friend ꦏꦸꦭ my ꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦁ sings ꦠꦼꦁ at ꦥꦼꦱ꧀ꦠ party 6.5b Kawan (ka-wan) friend kula (ku-la) my nembang (nem-bang) sings teng (teng) at pesta (pes-ta) party

6.6a ꦲꦏꦸ I ꦏꦸꦝꦸ must ꦤꦸꦭꦶꦱ꧀ write ꦭꦪꦁ letter ꦩꦫꦁ to ꦱꦶꦩ꧀ꦧꦃ grandparent 6.6b Aku (a-ku) I kudu (ku-du) must nulis (nu-lis) write layang (la-yang) letter marang (ma-rang) to simbah (sim-bah) grandparent

6.7a ꦧꦸꦏꦸ book ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏ this ꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴ for ꦱꦶꦤꦮ꧀ study ꦧꦱ language ꦗꦮ Javanese 6.7b Buku (bu-ku) book punika (pu-ni-ka) this kanggo (kang-go) for sinau (si-nau) study basa (ba-sa) language Jawa (ja-wa) Javanese

6.8a ꦢꦺꦮꦺꦏ꧀ he ꦩꦼꦚꦁ to ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ Surabaya ꦲꦼꦱꦸꦏ꧀ morning ꦲꦶꦏꦶ this 6.8b Dheweke (dhe-we-ke) he menyang (me-nyang) to Surabaya (su-ra-ba-ya) Surabaya esuk (e-suk) morning iki (i-ki) this

6.9a ꦒꦸꦫꦸ teacher ꦩꦼꦤꦼꦃꦏꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦏꦤ꧀ gives ꦠꦸꦒꦱ꧀ assignment ꦝꦠꦼꦁ to ꦩꦸꦫꦶꦢ꧀ student 6.9b Guru (gu-ru) teacher menehkokaken (me-neh-ko-ka-ken) gives tugas (tu-gas) assignment dhateng (dha-teng) to murid (mu-rid) student

6.10a ꦏꦶꦠ we ꦧꦏꦭ꧀ will ꦤꦁ to ꦥꦤ꧀ꦠꦻ beach ꦱꦸꦏ꧀ later ꦩꦶꦁꦒꦸ week 6.10b Kita (ki-ta) we bakal (ba-kal) will nang (nang) to pantai (pan-tai) beach suk (suk) later minggu (ming-gu) week

6.11a ꦲꦤꦏ꧀ child ꦏꦶꦫꦶꦩ꧀ send ꦥꦏꦼꦠ꧀ package ꦩꦼꦚꦁ to ꦮꦺꦴꦁ person ꦠꦸꦮ old 6.11b Anak (a-nak) child kirim (ki-rim) send paket (pa-ket) package menyang (me-nyang) to wong (wong) person tuwa (tu-wa) old

6.12a ꦭꦪꦔꦤ꧀ kite ꦩꦧꦸꦂ flies ꦩꦼꦚꦁ to ꦝꦸꦮꦸꦂ high 6.12b Layangan (la-yang-an) kite mabur (ma-bur) flies menyang (me-nyang) to dhuwur (dhu-wur) high

6.13a ꦧꦼꦕꦏ꧀ pedicab ꦲꦶꦏꦶ this ꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴ for ꦤꦸꦩ꧀ꦥꦏ꧀ ride ꦩꦼꦚꦁ to ꦲꦭꦸꦤ꧀ꦲꦭꦸꦤ꧀ town-square 6.13b Becak (be-cak) pedicab iki (i-ki) this kanggo (kang-go) for numpak (num-pak) ride menyang (me-nyang) to alun-alun (a-lun-a-lun) town-square

6.14a ꦮꦺꦴꦁ person ꦱꦏꦺꦃ many ꦥꦢ together ꦠꦼꦏ come ꦩꦫꦁ to ꦥꦼꦱ꧀ꦠ party ꦏꦮꦶꦤ꧀ wedding 6.14b Wong (wong) person sakeh (sa-keh) many padha (pa-dha) together teka (te-ka) come marang (ma-rang) to pesta (pes-ta) party kawin (ka-win) wedding

6.15a ꦱꦸꦫꦠ꧀ letter ꦲꦶꦏꦶ this ꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴ for ꦏꦶꦫꦶꦩ꧀ send ꦤꦁ to ꦗꦏꦂꦠ Jakarta 6.15b Surat (su-rat) letter iki (i-ki) this kanggo (kang-go) for kirim (ki-rim) send nang (nang) to Jakarta (ja-kar-ta) Jakarta

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

6.1 Aku menyang pasar. I go to the market.

6.2 Ibu maringi dhuwit marang anak. Mother gives money to the child.

6.3 Sepedha iki kanggo sing sekolah. This bicycle is for those going to school.

6.4 Bapak wis wangsul dhateng griya. Father has already returned home. (formal)

6.5 Kawan kula nembang teng pesta. My friend sings at the party.

6.6 Aku kudu nulis layang marang simbah. I must write a letter to grandparent.

6.7 Buku punika kanggo sinau basa Jawa. This book is for studying Javanese.

6.8 Dheweke menyang Surabaya esuk iki. He goes to Surabaya this morning.

6.9 Guru menehkokaken tugas dhateng murid. The teacher gives assignments to students. (formal)

6.10 Kita bakal nang pantai suk minggu. We will go to the beach next week.

6.11 Anak kirim paket menyang wong tuwa. The child sends a package to the parents.

6.12 Layangan mabur menyang dhuwur. The kite flies up high.

6.13 Becak iki kanggo numpak menyang alun-alun. This pedicab is for riding to the town square.

6.14 Wong sakeh padha teka marang pesta kawin. Many people come together to the wedding party.

6.15 Surat iki kanggo kirim nang Jakarta. This letter is for sending to Jakarta.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

6.1 Aku menyang pasar.

6.2 Ibu maringi dhuwit marang anak.

6.3 Sepedha iki kanggo sing sekolah.

6.4 Bapak wis wangsul dhateng griya.

6.5 Kawan kula nembang teng pesta.

6.6 Aku kudu nulis layang marang simbah.

6.7 Buku punika kanggo sinau basa Jawa.

6.8 Dheweke menyang Surabaya esuk iki.

6.9 Guru menehkokaken tugas dhateng murid.

6.10 Kita bakal nang pantai suk minggu.

6.11 Anak kirim paket menyang wong tuwa.

6.12 Layangan mabur menyang dhuwur.

6.13 Becak iki kanggo numpak menyang alun-alun.

6.14 Wong sakeh padha teka marang pesta kawin.

6.15 Surat iki kanggo kirim nang Jakarta.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D (Grammar Explanation for English Speakers)

Grammar Rules for "to" in Javanese

The Javanese language uses different words to express the English preposition "to" depending on the grammatical context:

1. MENYANG/NANG (ꦩꦼꦚꦁ/ꦤꦁ) - Directional "to" Used when indicating movement toward a place:

• Full form: menyang (more formal)

• Short form: nang (casual/colloquial)

• Examples: menyang pasar (to the market), nang Jakarta (to Jakarta)

2. MARANG (ꦩꦫꦁ) - Recipient "to" Used when indicating the recipient of an action:

• Giving something TO someone

• Speaking TO someone

• Writing TO someone

• Example: maringi dhuwit marang anak (give money to the child)

3. KANGGO (ꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴ) - Purpose "to/for" Used to express purpose or intended use:

• Often translates as "for" in English

• Indicates what something is meant TO do

• Example: kanggo sinau (for studying/to study)

4. DHATENG (ꦝꦠꦼꦁ) - Formal "to" The respectful/formal equivalent of menyang and marang:

• Used in formal speech (krama)

• Shows respect to the listener or person mentioned

• Can replace both menyang (for places) and marang (for people)

5. TENG (ꦠꦼꦁ) - "at/to" A shortened form that can mean both "at" and "to":

• More ambiguous than other forms

• Context determines exact meaning

Common Mistakes:

1. Using only one word for all contexts

   • Wrong: Aku menyang simbah (I go to grandparent)

   • Right: Aku nulis layang marang simbah (I write a letter to grandparent)

2. Confusing directional and recipient meanings

   • Wrong: Ibu maringi dhuwit menyang anak

   • Right: Ibu maringi dhuwit marang anak

3. Forgetting formal registers

   • In formal situations, use dhateng instead of menyang/marang

   • Example: Bapak wangsul dhateng griya (formal) vs. Bapak mulih nang omah (informal)

4. Word order confusion

   • Javanese often places "to" phrases differently than English

   • The verb usually comes before the "to" phrase

Comparison with English:

• English uses one word "to" for multiple functions

• Javanese distinguishes between direction, recipient, and purpose

• Javanese has formal/informal distinctions that English lacks

• Word order is more flexible in Javanese but typically follows Subject-Verb-Object-"to" phrase pattern

Step-by-Step Guide:

1. Identify what type of "to" you need:

   • Is it movement to a place? → Use menyang/nang

   • Is it giving/speaking to someone? → Use marang

   • Is it for a purpose? → Use kanggo

   • Is it formal context? → Use dhateng

2. Check the formality level:

   • Casual: nang, marang

   • Formal: dhateng

   • Neutral: menyang, kanggo

3. Place it correctly in the sentence:

   • Usually after the verb and object

   • Before the destination/recipient/purpose

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section E (Cultural Context)

Understanding "to" in Javanese Culture

The multiple words for "to" in Javanese reflect deep cultural values of respect, social hierarchy, and contextual appropriateness. This linguistic complexity mirrors the intricate social relationships in Javanese society.

Social Hierarchy and Language Levels: Javanese has distinct speech levels (ngoko, madya, krama) that indicate the speaker's relationship to the listener. The choice between menyang/nang and dhateng for "to" immediately signals the formality level and social dynamics of the conversation.

Respect Through Language: When speaking to or about elders, respected figures, or in formal situations, using dhateng instead of menyang shows proper etiquette (unggah-ungguh). This is particularly important in:

• Religious contexts

• Educational settings

• Government offices

• Traditional ceremonies

Regional Variations:

• Central Java: More likely to maintain formal distinctions

• East Java: Often uses more casual forms

• Yogyakarta: Preserves the most elaborate speech levels

• Urban areas: Increasing simplification and Indonesian influence

Modern Usage: Young Javanese speakers often mix Javanese with Indonesian, sometimes using Indonesian "ke" instead of Javanese equivalents. However, traditional forms remain important for:

• Speaking with elders

• Formal ceremonies

• Cultural performances (wayang, ketoprak)

• Traditional literature

Practical Cultural Tips:

1. When in doubt, err on the side of formality (use dhateng)

2. Listen to how others address someone before choosing your level

3. In mixed-age groups, use the level appropriate for the eldest person

4. Religious contexts almost always require formal language

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section F (Literary Citation)

From the Javanese chronicle "Serat Centhini" (early 19th century):

Part F-A (Interlinear Analysis - Construed Text)

ꦱꦁ Sang (sang) the ꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦠ pandhita (pan-dhi-ta) priest ꦏꦶꦤꦸꦤ꧀ kinun (ki-nun) ordered ꦩꦼꦚꦁ menyang (me-nyang) to-go ꦩꦫꦁ marang (ma-rang) to ꦫꦗ raja (ra-ja) king ꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴ kanggo (kang-go) for ꦔꦠꦸꦂꦏꦤ꧀ ngaturaken (nga-tur-a-ken) to-present ꦮꦼꦗꦁ wejang (we-jang) advice ꦥꦼꦂꦏꦮꦶꦱ꧀ perkawis (per-ka-wis) regarding ꦤꦼꦒꦫ negara (ne-ga-ra) kingdom

"The priest was ordered to go to the king to present advice regarding the kingdom"

Part F-B (Original Javanese Text with English Translation)

Sang pandhita kinun menyang marang raja kanggo ngaturaken wejang perkawis negara.

"The priest was ordered to go to the king to present advice regarding matters of state."

Part F-C (Javanese Text Only)

Sang pandhita kinun menyang marang raja kanggo ngaturaken wejang perkawis negara.

Part F-D (Grammatical Analysis)

This classical text demonstrates all three major uses of "to" in a single sentence:

1. menyang - indicates physical movement (to go)

2. marang - indicates the recipient (to the king)

3. kanggo - indicates purpose (in order to present)

Notable features:

• The double use of "to" (menyang marang) is classical style

• Modern Javanese might use only one

• The formal register is appropriate for court language

• Word order follows classical patterns

• The verb kinun (was ordered) is passive voice, common in formal texts

This example from classical literature shows how Javanese "to" words can combine to create nuanced meaning, with each word contributing a specific grammatical function to create a complete picture of movement, direction, and purpose.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Genre Section: Traditional Market Conversation

Section A (Detailed Interlinear Glossing)

6.16a ꦩ꧀ꦧꦏ꧀ꦪꦸ mbakyu (mbak-yu) older-sister ꦲꦫꦼꦥ꧀ arep (a-rep) want ꦠꦸꦏꦸ tuku (tu-ku) buy ꦲꦥ apa (a-pa) what ꦩꦼꦚꦁ menyang (me-nyang) to ꦥꦱꦂ pasar (pa-sar) market ꦲꦶꦏꦶ iki (i-ki) this 6.16b Mbakyu arep tuku apa menyang pasar iki? What do you want to buy at this market, sister?

6.17a ꦲꦏꦸ aku (a-ku) I ꦢꦺꦮꦺ dewe (de-we) self ꦥꦼꦤ꧀ꦒꦶꦤ꧀ pengin (peng-in) want ꦩꦼꦚꦁ menyang (me-nyang) to ꦮꦫꦸꦁ warung (wa-rung) stall ꦏꦺꦴꦮꦺ kowe (ko-we) your 6.17b Aku dewe pengin menyang warung kowe. I myself want to go to your stall.

6.18a ꦩꦁꦒ mangga (mang-ga) please ꦩ꧀ꦧꦏ꧀ mbak (mbak) sister ꦩꦼꦚꦁ menyang (me-nyang) to ꦩꦿꦶꦏꦶ mriki (mri-ki) here ꦩꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ mawon (ma-won) just 6.18b Mangga mbak menyang mriki mawon. Please sister, just come here.

6.19a ꦫꦼꦒꦤꦺ regane (re-ga-ne) price-the ꦱꦪꦸꦂ sayur (sa-yur) vegetable ꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴ kanggo (kang-go) for ꦏꦶꦫꦶꦩ꧀ kirim (ki-rim) send ꦩꦫꦁ marang (ma-rang) to ꦠꦁꦒ tangga (tang-ga) neighbor ꦥꦶꦫ pira (pi-ra) how-much 6.19b Regane sayur kanggo kirim marang tangga pira? What's the price of vegetables for sending to the neighbor?

6.20a ꦧꦏꦭ꧀ bakul (ba-kul) seller ꦩꦫꦶꦔꦶ maringi (ma-ring-i) give ꦫꦼꦒ rega (re-ga) price ꦩꦸꦫꦃ murah (mu-rah) cheap ꦩꦫꦁ marang (ma-rang) to ꦥꦼꦭꦁꦒꦤ꧀ pelanggan (pe-lang-gan) customer ꦱꦼꦠꦾ setya (set-ya) loyal 6.20b Bakul maringi rega murah marang pelanggan setya. The seller gives cheap prices to loyal customers.

6.21a ꦮꦺꦴꦁ wong (wong) person ꦢꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦏ꧀ dhodhok (dho-dhok) squat ꦠꦼꦁ teng (teng) at ꦥꦶꦁꦒꦶꦂ pinggir (ping-gir) edge ꦢꦭꦤ꧀ dalan (da-lan) road ꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴ kanggo (kang-go) for ꦔꦼꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤꦶ ngenteni (ngen-te-ni) wait-for ꦧꦼꦕꦏ꧀ becak (be-cak) pedicab 6.21b Wong dhodhok teng pinggir dalan kanggo ngenteni becak. People squat at the roadside to wait for a pedicab.

6.22a ꦪꦸ yu (yu) auntie ꦩꦫꦶ mari (ma-ri) after ꦧꦼꦭꦚ belanja (be-lan-ja) shopping ꦭꦁꦱꦸꦁ langsung (lang-sung) directly ꦩꦸꦭꦶꦃ mulih (mu-lih) return ꦩꦼꦚꦁ menyang (me-nyang) to ꦲꦺꦴꦩꦃ omah (o-mah) house 6.22b Yu mari belanja langsung mulih menyang omah. Auntie, after shopping, returns directly home.

6.23a ꦠꦸꦏꦁ tukang (tu-kang) craftsman ꦒꦿꦺꦴꦧꦏ꧀ grobak (gro-bak) cart ꦩꦭꦏꦸ mlaku (mla-ku) walk ꦩꦼꦚꦁ menyang (me-nyang) to ꦏꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦁ kampung (kam-pung) village ꦱꦧꦼꦤ꧀ saben (sa-ben) every ꦲꦼꦱꦸꦏ꧀ esuk (e-suk) morning 6.23b Tukang grobak mlaku menyang kampung saben esuk. The cart vendor walks to the village every morning.

6.24a ꦧꦏꦸꦭ꧀ bakul (ba-kul) seller ꦗꦗꦤꦤ꧀ jajanan (ja-jan-an) snacks ꦏꦶꦫꦶꦩ꧀ kirim (ki-rim) send ꦢꦒꦔꦤ꧀ dagangan (da-gang-an) merchandise ꦩꦫꦁ marang (ma-rang) to ꦱꦼꦏꦺꦴꦭꦃ sekolah (se-ko-lah) school 6.24b Bakul jajanan kirim dagangan marang sekolah. The snack seller sends merchandise to the school.

6.25a ꦩ꧀ꦧꦏ꧀ mbak (mbak) sister ꦩꦼꦱꦤ꧀ mesan (me-san) order ꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦥꦺ tempe (tem-pe) tempeh ꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴ kanggo (kang-go) for ꦏꦶꦫꦶꦩ꧀ kirim (ki-rim) send ꦤꦁ nang (nang) to ꦮꦫꦸꦁ warung (wa-rung) stall ꦧꦼꦱꦸꦏ꧀ besuk (be-suk) tomorrow 6.25b Mbak mesan tempe kanggo kirim nang warung besuk. Sister orders tempeh for delivery to the stall tomorrow.

6.26a ꦧꦺꦴꦕꦃ bocah (bo-cah) child ꦕꦶꦭꦶꦏ꧀ cilik (ci-lik) small ꦢꦶꦏꦺꦴꦁꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ dikongkon (di-kong-kon) ordered ꦠꦸꦏꦸ tuku (tu-ku) buy ꦗꦁꦒꦤ꧀ jangan (jang-an) vegetables ꦩꦼꦚꦁ menyang (me-nyang) to ꦥꦱꦂ pasar (pa-sar) market 6.26b Bocah cilik dikongkon tuku jangan menyang pasar. The small child is ordered to buy vegetables at the market.

6.27a ꦱꦶꦩ꧀ꦧꦃ simbah (sim-bah) grandparent ꦠꦶꦠꦶꦥ꧀ titip (ti-tip) entrust ꦝꦸꦮꦶꦠ꧀ dhuwit (dhu-wit) money ꦩꦫꦁ marang (ma-rang) to ꦥꦸꦠꦸ putu (pu-tu) grandchild ꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴ kanggo (kang-go) for ꦧꦼꦭꦚ belanja (be-lan-ja) shopping 6.27b Simbah titip dhuwit marang putu kanggo belanja. Grandparent entrusts money to grandchild for shopping.

6.28a ꦠꦸꦏꦁ tukang (tu-kang) vendor ꦱꦪꦸꦂ sayur (sa-yur) vegetable ꦮꦶꦱ꧀ wis (wis) already ꦩꦼꦚꦁ menyang (me-nyang) to ꦭꦶꦪꦤꦺ liyane (li-ya-ne) other ꦥꦱꦂ pasar (pa-sar) market 6.28b Tukang sayur wis menyang liyane pasar. The vegetable vendor has already gone to another market.

6.29a ꦮꦺꦴꦁ wong (wong) person ꦠꦸꦮ tuwa (tu-wa) old ꦩꦶꦤ꧀ꦠ minta (min-ta) ask ꦠꦸꦭꦸꦁ tulung (tu-lung) help ꦩꦫꦁ marang (ma-rang) to ꦧꦺꦴꦕꦃ bocah (bo-cah) child ꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴ kanggo (kang-go) for ꦒꦮ gawa (ga-wa) carry ꦧꦼꦭꦚꦤ꧀ belanjan (be-lan-jan) groceries 6.29b Wong tuwa minta tulung marang bocah kanggo gawa belanjan. The elderly person asks for help from a child to carry groceries.

6.30a ꦮꦺꦴꦁ wong (wong) person ꦢꦺꦴꦢꦺꦴꦭ꧀ dodol (do-dol) sell ꦒꦼꦠꦸꦏ꧀ gethuk (ge-thuk) cassava-cake ꦢꦺꦮꦺ dewe (de-we) self ꦩꦧꦸꦢꦸꦂ mabudur (ma-bu-dur) leave ꦩꦼꦚꦁ menyang (me-nyang) to ꦲꦺꦴꦩꦃ omah (o-mah) house ꦱꦺꦴꦫꦺ sore (so-re) afternoon 6.30b Wong dodol gethuk dewe mabudur menyang omah sore. The cassava cake seller himself leaves for home in the afternoon.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

6.16 Mbakyu arep tuku apa menyang pasar iki? What do you want to buy at this market, sister?

6.17 Aku dewe pengin menyang warung kowe. I myself want to go to your stall.

6.18 Mangga mbak menyang mriki mawon. Please sister, just come here.

6.19 Regane sayur kanggo kirim marang tangga pira? What's the price of vegetables for sending to the neighbor?

6.20 Bakul maringi rega murah marang pelanggan setya. The seller gives cheap prices to loyal customers.

6.21 Wong dhodhok teng pinggir dalan kanggo ngenteni becak. People squat at the roadside to wait for a pedicab.

6.22 Yu mari belanja langsung mulih menyang omah. Auntie, after shopping, returns directly home.

6.23 Tukang grobak mlaku menyang kampung saben esuk. The cart vendor walks to the village every morning.

6.24 Bakul jajanan kirim dagangan marang sekolah. The snack seller sends merchandise to the school.

6.25 Mbak mesan tempe kanggo kirim nang warung besuk. Sister orders tempeh for delivery to the stall tomorrow.

6.26 Bocah cilik dikongkon tuku jangan menyang pasar. The small child is ordered to buy vegetables at the market.

6.27 Simbah titip dhuwit marang putu kanggo belanja. Grandparent entrusts money to grandchild for shopping.

6.28 Tukang sayur wis menyang liyane pasar. The vegetable vendor has already gone to another market.

6.29 Wong tuwa minta tulung marang bocah kanggo gawa belanjan. The elderly person asks for help from a child to carry groceries.

6.30 Wong dodol gethuk dewe mabudur menyang omah sore. The cassava cake seller himself leaves for home in the afternoon.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

6.16 Mbakyu arep tuku apa menyang pasar iki?

6.17 Aku dewe pengin menyang warung kowe.

6.18 Mangga mbak menyang mriki mawon.

6.19 Regane sayur kanggo kirim marang tangga pira?

6.20 Bakul maringi rega murah marang pelanggan setya.

6.21 Wong dhodhok teng pinggir dalan kanggo ngenteni becak.

6.22 Yu mari belanja langsung mulih menyang omah.

6.23 Tukang grobak mlaku menyang kampung saben esuk.

6.24 Bakul jajanan kirim dagangan marang sekolah.

6.25 Mbak mesan tempe kanggo kirim nang warung besuk.

6.26 Bocah cilik dikongkon tuku jangan menyang pasar.

6.27 Simbah titip dhuwit marang putu kanggo belanja.

6.28 Tukang sayur wis menyang liyane pasar.

6.29 Wong tuwa minta tulung marang bocah kanggo gawa belanjan.

6.30 Wong dodol gethuk dewe mabudur menyang omah sore.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D (Grammar Notes for Market Conversation Genre)

Special Usage of "to" in Market/Trading Contexts

In traditional Javanese market settings, the use of "to" words follows specific patterns that reflect both commercial transactions and social relationships:

1. Questions About Destination and Purpose

• Market conversations often combine menyang (where to) and kanggo (what for)

• Example: "Arep tuku apa menyang pasar?" (What will you buy at the market?)

• The question format often drops the subject pronoun

2. Commercial Transactions Using "marang"

• When discussing prices, delivery, or transactions, marang indicates the recipient

• "Maringi rega marang pelanggan" (give price to customer)

• "Kirim dagangan marang sekolah" (send goods to school)

3. Movement Within Market Spaces

• Menyang for general market areas

• Nang for specific stalls or locations

• Teng for stationary positions

4. Purpose Expressions with "kanggo"

• Very common in market contexts for intended use

• "Kanggo belanja" (for shopping)

• "Kanggo kirim" (for sending/delivery)

5. Social Hierarchy in Market Language

• Vendors typically use casual forms (nang, marang)

• Customers may use formal forms (dhateng) when appropriate

• Age and familiarity determine formality level

Common Market Phrases:

• "Menyang pasar" (to the market)

• "Marang sapa?" (to whom?)

• "Kanggo apa?" (for what?)

• "Nang warung" (to the stall)

Typical Errors in Market Context:

1. Using formal language inappropriately (too formal sounds distant)

2. Confusing kanggo (purpose) with marang (recipient) in transactions

3. Forgetting possessive markers in "menyang warung kowe" (to your stall)

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

About This Course

The Latinum Institute has been creating innovative online language learning materials since 2006, pioneering autodidactic approaches to classical and modern languages. Our Javanese course follows the proven Latinum Method, which emphasizes:

Interlinear Learning: Each lesson presents detailed word-by-word analysis, allowing learners to understand grammatical structures naturally without memorizing abstract rules. This method has proven particularly effective for adult autodidacts who prefer analytical approaches.

Contextual Grammar: Rather than presenting grammar in isolation, our lessons embed grammatical concepts within authentic texts and real-world situations. The market conversation genre in this lesson, for example, demonstrates how "to" functions in actual Javanese commerce and social interaction.

Cultural Integration: Language cannot be separated from culture. Each lesson includes cultural notes that explain not just what to say, but when and why certain forms are appropriate. Understanding Javanese speech levels (ngoko, madya, krama) is essential for proper communication.

Progressive Complexity: Starting with simple constructions, each lesson gradually introduces more complex forms. The literary citations provide exposure to classical Javanese, bridging contemporary usage with traditional texts.

Self-Paced Learning: Designed for independent study, these lessons require no previous knowledge of Javanese. The complete glossing system allows learners to progress at their own pace without external assistance.

The Latinum Institute's approach has been validated by thousands of successful learners worldwide. Our materials are used by university students, researchers, heritage learners, and language enthusiasts. The method particularly suits those who:

• Prefer learning through reading and analysis

• Want to understand language structure deeply

• Appreciate cultural and historical context

• Value the ability to study independently

For more information about the Latinum Method and access to additional resources, visit latinum.org.uk and latinum.substack.com.

Student testimonials and reviews can be found at https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk, where learners consistently praise the clarity, depth, and effectiveness of our materials.

This course continues the Latinum Institute's tradition of making complex languages accessible through systematic, thoughtful presentation. Whether you're learning Javanese for academic research, cultural heritage, or personal interest, these lessons provide the solid foundation needed for genuine comprehension and communication.

Introduction:

Welcome to Lesson 5 of the Javanese language course for English speakers. This lesson marks a significant milestone as we introduce the traditional Javanese script (aksara Jawa or hanacaraka) for the first time. The Javanese script is a beautiful abugida writing system that has been used for centuries to write Javanese, and understanding it will deepen your connection to Javanese culture and literature.

For the complete course index and additional resources, please visit: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index

Understanding "of" in Javanese

In English, "of" is a versatile preposition showing relationships between things. In Javanese, this concept is expressed in several ways:

1. saka (ꦱꦏ) - meaning "from/of" (origin or source)

2. kang (ꦏꦁ) - meaning "which/that/of" (relative pronoun often translating to "of")

3. -é/-né - possessive suffixes meaning "of/his/her/its"

4. Word order and context (no explicit word needed)

FAQ Schema: Q: What does "of" mean in Javanese? A: The English word "of" is expressed in Javanese through several methods: "saka" for origin (book of Java = buku saka Jawa), "kang" as a relative pronoun (the color of the sky = werna kang langit), possessive suffixes -é/-né (the house of my father = omahe bapakku), or through word order alone.

Educational Schema: Course: Javanese Language Learning Level: Beginner Lesson: 5 Topic: The word "of" and Introduction to Javanese Script Language of Instruction: English Target Language: Javanese Skills: Reading, Grammar, Script Recognition

How This Topic Word Will Be Used

In this lesson, you'll encounter "of" expressed through all these Javanese methods in 15 varied examples. Each example shows natural Javanese usage with both Latin script and traditional Javanese script (aksara Jawa).

Key Takeaways

• Javanese expresses "of" through multiple methods, not a single word

• The traditional Javanese script (aksara Jawa) is an abugida where consonants carry inherent vowels

• Word order in Javanese often eliminates the need for an explicit "of"

• Possessive suffixes -é/-né are crucial for showing relationships

• Cultural context determines which method to use

Section A (Detailed Interlinear Glossing)

5.1a ꦧꦸꦏꦸ book ꦱꦏ from/of ꦗꦮ Java ꦏꦸꦮꦶ that ꦲꦥꦶꦏ꧀ good 5.1b buku (bu-ku) book saka (sa-ka) from/of Jawa (Ja-wa) Java kuwi (ku-wi) that apik (a-pik) good

5.2a ꦮꦂꦤ color ꦏꦁ which/of ꦭꦁꦶꦠ꧀ sky ꦧꦶꦫꦸ blue ꦧꦁꦺꦠ꧀ very 5.2b werna (wer-na) color kang (kang) which/of langit (la-ngit) sky biru (bi-ru) blue banget (ba-nget) very

5.3a ꦲꦺꦴꦩꦃꦲꦺ house-of ꦧꦥꦏ꧀ꦏꦸ my-father ꦒꦺꦝꦺ big ꦠꦸꦮ old 5.3b omahé (o-ma-hé) house-of bapakku (ba-pak-ku) my-father gedhé (ge-dhé) big tuwa (tu-wa) old

5.4a ꦫꦱ taste ꦏꦺꦴꦥꦶ coffee ꦲꦶꦏꦶ this ꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀ bitter ꦏꦸꦮꦠ꧀ strong 5.4b rasa (ra-sa) taste kopi (ko-pi) coffee iki (i-ki) this pahit (pa-hit) bitter kuwat (ku-wat) strong

5.5a ꦭꦸꦫꦃꦲꦺ head-of ꦢꦺꦱ village ꦏꦸꦮꦶ that ꦫꦩꦺ friendly ꦱꦁꦠ꧀ very 5.5b lurahé (lu-ra-hé) head-of désa (dé-sa) village kuwi (ku-wi) that ramé (ra-mé) friendly sanget (sa-nget) very

5.6a ꦒꦩ꧀ꦧꦂ picture ꦱꦏ from/of ꦮꦪꦁ puppet ꦏꦸꦤꦺꦴ ancient ꦩꦿꦶꦃ so-that ꦥꦢ all ꦧꦒꦸꦱ꧀ beautiful 5.6b gambar (gam-bar) picture saka (sa-ka) from/of wayang (wa-yang) puppet kuno (ku-no) ancient mrih (mrih) so-that padha (pa-dha) all bagus (ba-gus) beautiful

5.7a ꦱꦸꦮꦫ sound ꦒꦩꦺꦭꦤ꧀ gamelan ꦗꦮ Java ꦲꦪꦸ beautiful ꦩꦿꦢꦸ melodious 5.7b suara (su-wa-ra) sound gamelan (ga-me-lan) gamelan Jawa (Ja-wa) Java ayu (a-yu) beautiful merdu (mer-du) melodious

5.8a ꦥꦁꦒꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦲꦺ owner-of ꦠꦺꦴꦏꦺꦴ shop ꦲꦶꦏꦶ this ꦮꦺꦴꦁ person ꦱꦸꦒꦶꦃ rich 5.8b pangoné (pa-ngon-é) owner-of toko (to-ko) shop iki (i-ki) this wong (wong) person sugih (su-gih) rich

5.9a ꦲꦫꦁꦲꦺ price-of ꦥꦱꦂ market ꦩꦸꦫꦃ cheap ꦧꦁꦺꦠ꧀ very 5.9b argané (ar-ga-né) price-of pasar (pa-sar) market murah (mu-rah) cheap banget (ba-nget) very

5.10a ꦭꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦂ pages ꦏꦁ which/of ꦧꦸꦏꦸ book ꦏꦸꦤꦶꦁ yellow ꦏꦧꦺꦃ all 5.10b lembar (lem-bar) pages kang (kang) which/of buku (bu-ku) book kuning (ku-ning) yellow kabèh (ka-bèh) all

5.11a ꦒꦸꦫꦸꦤꦺ teacher-of ꦱꦺꦏꦺꦴꦭꦃ school ꦲꦶꦏꦸ this ꦥꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦂ smart ꦠꦺꦤꦤ꧀ truly 5.11b guruné (gu-ru-né) teacher-of sekolah (se-ko-lah) school iku (i-ku) this pinter (pin-ter) smart tenan (te-nan) truly

5.12a ꦩꦱ꧀ꦪꦫꦏꦠ꧀ society ꦗꦮ Javanese ꦥꦢ together ꦱꦺꦤꦺꦁ happy ꦏꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦏ꧀ gather 5.12b masyarakat (ma-sya-ra-kat) society Jawa (Ja-wa) Javanese padha (pa-dha) together seneng (se-neng) happy kompak (kom-pak) gather

5.13a ꦱꦸꦫ light ꦱꦫꦺꦁꦺꦴ sun ꦲꦺꦱꦸꦏ꧀ morning ꦥꦤꦱ꧀ hot ꦠꦺꦩꦺꦤ꧀ shine 5.13b sunar (su-nar) light srengéngé (sre-ngé-ngé) sun-of esuk (e-suk) morning panas (pa-nas) hot temen (te-men) shine

5.14a ꦗꦺꦤꦺꦁꦲꦺ name-of ꦫꦗ king ꦏꦸꦮꦶ that ꦩꦱ꧀ꦲꦸꦂ famous ꦱꦏ from ꦏꦧꦺꦃ all 5.14b jenengé (je-neng-é) name-of raja (ra-ja) king kuwi (ku-wi) that mashur (mas-hur) famous saka (sa-ka) from kabèh (ka-bèh) all

5.15a ꦧꦸꦔꦤꦺ flower-of ꦩꦼꦭꦠꦶ jasmine ꦮꦁꦶ fragrant ꦧꦁꦺꦠ꧀ very ꦏꦪ like ꦩꦢꦸ honey 5.15b bungané (bu-nga-né) flower-of melati (me-la-ti) jasmine wangi (wa-ngi) fragrant banget (ba-nget) very kaya (ka-ya) like madu (ma-du) honey

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

5.1 Buku saka Jawa kuwi apik. That book from Java is good.

5.2 Werna kang langit biru banget. The color of the sky is very blue.

5.3 Omahé bapakku gedhé tuwa. The house of my father is big and old.

5.4 Rasa kopi iki pahit kuwat. The taste of this coffee is bitter and strong.

5.5 Lurahé désa kuwi ramé sanget. The head of that village is very friendly.

5.6 Gambar saka wayang kuno mrih padha bagus. Pictures of ancient puppets are all beautiful.

5.7 Suara gamelan Jawa ayu merdu. The sound of Javanese gamelan is beautiful and melodious.

5.8 Pangoné toko iki wong sugih. The owner of this shop is a rich person.

5.9 Argané pasar murah banget. The prices of the market are very cheap.

5.10 Lembar kang buku kuning kabèh. The pages of the book are all yellow.

5.11 Guruné sekolah iku pinter tenan. The teacher of that school is truly smart.

5.12 Masyarakat Jawa padha seneng kompak. The society of Java together is happy and united.

5.13 Sunar srengéngé esuk panas temen. The light of the morning sun is truly hot.

5.14 Jenengé raja kuwi mashur saka kabèh. The name of that king is famous from all.

5.15 Bungané melati wangi banget kaya madu. The flower of jasmine is very fragrant like honey.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

5.1 Buku saka Jawa kuwi apik.

5.2 Werna kang langit biru banget.

5.3 Omahé bapakku gedhé tuwa.

5.4 Rasa kopi iki pahit kuwat.

5.5 Lurahé désa kuwi ramé sanget.

5.6 Gambar saka wayang kuno mrih padha bagus.

5.7 Suara gamelan Jawa ayu merdu.

5.8 Pangoné toko iki wong sugih.

5.9 Argané pasar murah banget.

5.10 Lembar kang buku kuning kabèh.

5.11 Guruné sekolah iku pinter tenan.

5.12 Masyarakat Jawa padha seneng kompak.

5.13 Sunar srengéngé esuk panas temen.

5.14 Jenengé raja kuwi mashur saka kabèh.

5.15 Bungané melati wangi banget kaya madu.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D (Grammar Explanation for English Speakers)

Grammar Rules for Expressing "of" in Javanese

The English preposition "of" has no single equivalent in Javanese. Instead, Javanese uses several different constructions to express the relationships that English conveys with "of":

1. Possessive Suffix -é/-né

The most common way to express possession or belonging (like "of") is through the suffix -é (after consonants) or -né (after vowels):

• omah (house) → omahé (house of/his house/the house)

• guru (teacher) → guruné (teacher of/the teacher)

• raja (king) → rajané (king of/the king)

Step-by-Step Guide:

1. Take the base noun (e.g., omah = house)

2. If it ends in a consonant, add -é

3. If it ends in a vowel, add -né

4. The resulting word means "the X of" or "X's"

2. The Word "saka" (from/of)

Used to indicate origin, source, or material:

• buku saka Jawa (book from/of Java)

• gambar saka wayang (picture of puppets)

• wong saka Jakarta (person from/of Jakarta)

3. The Relative Pronoun "kang" (which/that/of)

Functions as a connector between nouns and their descriptions:

• werna kang langit (the color of the sky = the color which is the sky's)

• lembar kang buku (the pages of the book = the pages which belong to the book)

4. Word Order (No Explicit Word)

Often, Javanese simply places words next to each other:

• suara gamelan (sound [of] gamelan)

• masyarakat Jawa (society [of] Java)

Common Mistakes

1. Using "saka" for all types of "of"

   • Wrong: omah saka bapakku (trying to say "my father's house")

   • Right: omahé bapakku (using possessive suffix)

2. Forgetting the possessive suffix

   • Wrong: guru sekolah (teacher school)

   • Right: guruné sekolah (teacher of the school)

3. Using English word order

   • Wrong: saka langit werna (of sky color)

   • Right: werna kang langit (color of the sky)

4. Confusing -é and -né

   • Wrong: rajaé (after vowel 'a')

   • Right: rajané (correct suffix after vowel)

Comparison with English

English uses "of" as a catch-all preposition, while Javanese distinguishes between:

• Possession/belonging (use -é/-né)

• Origin/source (use saka)

• Description/quality (use kang or word order)

This is similar to how English distinguishes between "in," "on," and "at" where other languages might use one word.

Summary of "of" Expressions

Possessive relationships: Add -é/-né to the possessed item

• the teacher's book = bukune guru

• the house of the king = omahé raja

Origin/source: Use saka

• from Java = saka Jawa

• made of wood = saka kayu

Descriptive relationships: Use kang or simple juxtaposition

• the color of flowers = werna kang kembang

• Java society = masyarakat Jawa

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section E (Cultural Context)

Understanding "of" in Javanese Culture

The way Javanese expresses "of" reflects deep cultural values and worldview. In Javanese society, relationships and connections are paramount, and the language reflects this through its nuanced system of expressing possession and belonging.

The Possessive Suffix and Social Hierarchy

The -é/-né suffix does more than show possession; it indicates a relationship within the Javanese social structure. When speaking about elders or respected figures, Javanese speakers often use this suffix even when not strictly necessary, as a mark of respect. For example, "bapakné" (the father) carries more reverence than simply "bapak."

"Saka" and the Importance of Origins

The word "saka" (from/of) reflects the Javanese cultural emphasis on origins and roots. Javanese people place great importance on knowing where someone or something comes from. This is why "wong saka ngendi?" (person from where?) is one of the first questions asked when meeting someone new. Understanding origins helps establish social connections and proper speech levels.

Word Order and Indirect Communication

The Javanese tendency to express "of" through word order rather than explicit words reflects the culture's preference for indirect communication. Javanese culture values subtlety and context over directness. This linguistic feature trains speakers to pay attention to relationships and context rather than relying on explicit markers.

The Traditional Script Connection

The Javanese script (aksara Jawa) itself embodies these cultural values. The script is written without spaces between words, requiring readers to understand context and relationships between words. This mirrors how "of" relationships are often understood through context rather than explicit words.

Practical Cultural Applications

When learning to express "of" in Javanese, remember:

• Use possessive suffixes when showing respect

• Be aware that asking about origins (using saka) is culturally significant

• Pay attention to context, as relationships are often implied

• The choice between different "of" constructions can indicate social distance or familiarity

Understanding these cultural dimensions will help English speakers not just translate "of" correctly, but use it in culturally appropriate ways that show respect for Javanese social norms.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section F (Literary Citation)

From the classical Javanese text "Serat Wedhatama" by Mangkunegara IV:

Part F-A (Interleaved Text - Construed for Beginners)

ꦩꦁꦒꦸ manggu (mang-gu) indeed ꦏꦂꦠ karta (kar-ta) work ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏ punika (pu-ni-ka) that ꦏꦂꦪꦤꦺ karyané (kar-ya-né) work-of ꦮꦺꦴꦁ wong (wong) person ꦲꦒꦸꦁ agung (a-gung) great ꦲꦩꦸꦁ amung (a-mung) only ꦱꦏꦶꦁ saking (sa-king) from ꦮꦫꦤꦺ werané (we-ra-né) teaching-of ꦲꦭꦃ Allah (Al-lah) God ꦠ ta (ta) indeed

Part F-B (Complete Original Text with Translation)

Manggu karta punika karyané wong agung Amung saking werané Allah ta

Indeed that work is the work of great people Only from the teaching of God indeed

Part F-C (Original Javanese Text Only)

Manggu karta punika karyané wong agung Amung saking werané Allah ta

Part F-D (Grammatical Analysis)

This excerpt beautifully demonstrates two ways of expressing "of" in classical Javanese:

1. karyané - "work-of" using the possessive suffix -né attached to "karya" (work)

2. saking - a more formal variant of "saka" meaning "from/of"

3. werané - "teaching-of" again using the possessive suffix

The text shows how literary Javanese often uses more formal variants (punika instead of iki/kuwi, saking instead of saka) while maintaining the same grammatical structures for expressing "of" relationships. The possessive suffix -né appears twice, showing its importance in formal texts.

Note how "wong agung" (great person) uses simple juxtaposition without an explicit "of," demonstrating that even in classical texts, word order alone can express relationships.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Genre Section: Traditional Javanese Recipes

Section A (Detailed Interlinear Glossing)

5.16a ꦧꦸꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦤꦺ spice-of ꦒꦸꦢꦺꦒ꧀ gudeg ꦗꦺꦴꦒ꧀ꦗ Yogya ꦏꦸꦢꦸ must ꦭꦺꦁꦏꦥ꧀ complete 5.16b bumbuné (bum-bu-né) spice-of gudeg (gu-deg) gudeg Yogya (Yog-ya) Yogya kudu (ku-du) must lengkap (leng-kap) complete

5.17a ꦫꦱꦤꦺ taste-of ꦱꦩ꧀ꦧꦭ꧀ sambal ꦧꦮꦁ onion ꦥꦺꦢꦱ꧀ spicy ꦠꦺꦩꦺꦤ꧀ truly 5.17b rasané (ra-sa-né) taste-of sambal (sam-bal) sambal bawang (ba-wang) onion pedes (pe-des) spicy temen (te-men) truly

5.18a ꦏꦸꦮꦺ broth ꦱꦏ from ꦱꦺꦴꦠꦺꦴ soto ꦭꦩꦺꦴꦁꦤ꧀ Lamongan ꦒꦸꦫꦶꦃ savory ꦧꦁꦺꦠ꧀ very 5.18b kuahé (ku-wah-é) broth-of saka (sa-ka) from soto (so-to) soto Lamongan (La-mong-an) Lamongan gurih (gu-rih) savory banget (ba-nget) very

5.19a ꦮꦺꦢꦁꦲꦺ wedang-of ꦗꦲꦺ ginger ꦲꦁꦺꦠ꧀ warm ꦥꦱ꧀ suitable ꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴ for ꦮꦪꦃ time ꦲꦸꦢꦤ꧀ rain 5.19b wedangé (we-dang-é) beverage-of jahe (ja-he) ginger anget (a-nget) warm pas (pas) suitable kanggo (kang-go) for wayah (wa-yah) time udan (u-dan) rain

5.20a ꦲꦶꦱꦶꦤꦺ filling-of ꦏꦼꦠꦸꦥꦠ꧀ ketupat ꦱꦪꦸꦂ vegetables ꦭꦺꦴꦢꦺꦃ lodeh ꦧꦼꦫꦱ꧀ delicious ꦠꦺꦤꦤ꧀ truly 5.20b isiné (i-si-né) filling-of ketupat (ke-tu-pat) ketupat sayur (sa-yur) vegetables lodeh (lo-deh) lodeh beras (be-ras) delicious tenan (te-nan) truly

5.21a ꦒꦮꦺꦪꦤꦺ making-of ꦠꦺꦩ꧀ꦥꦺ tempe ꦏꦁ which ꦠꦿꦢꦶꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀ traditional ꦧꦸꦠꦸꦃ need ꦮꦏ꧀ꦠꦸ time ꦱꦸꦮꦺ long 5.21b gawéyané (ga-wé-ya-né) making-of tempe (tem-pe) tempe kang (kang) which tradisional (tra-di-si-o-nal) traditional butuh (bu-tuh) need waktu (wak-tu) time suwé (su-wé) long

5.22a ꦕꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦫꦤꦺ mixture-of ꦱꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀ coconut ꦥꦫꦸꦠ꧀ grated ꦏꦫꦺꦴ with ꦒꦸꦭ sugar ꦗꦮ Javanese 5.22b campurané (cam-pu-ra-né) mixture-of santen (san-ten) coconut parut (pa-rut) grated karo (ka-ro) with gula (gu-la) sugar Jawa (Ja-wa) Javanese

5.23a ꦲꦫꦺꦴꦩꦤꦺ aroma-of ꦏ꧀ꦭꦸꦮꦏ꧀ kluwak ꦲꦶꦫꦺꦁ black ꦲꦶꦏꦸ this ꦏꦱ꧀ special ꦧꦁꦺꦠ꧀ very 5.23b aromané (a-ro-ma-né) aroma-of kluwak (klu-wak) kluwak ireng (i-reng) black iku (i-ku) this khas (khas) special banget (ba-nget) very

5.24a ꦧꦃꦤꦺ way-of ꦩꦱꦏ꧀ cooking ꦱꦏ from ꦚꦶꦩ꧀ꦧꦺꦴꦁ grandmother ꦧꦶꦪꦺꦤ꧀ old-days ꦲꦶꦗꦶꦏ꧀ still ꦢꦶꦒꦸꦤꦏꦏꦺ used 5.24b carané (ca-ra-né) way-of masak (ma-sak) cooking saka (sa-ka) from mbah (mbah) grandmother biyen (bi-yen) old-days isih (i-sih) still digunakake (di-gu-na-ka-ke) used

5.25a ꦏꦸꦊꦠꦤꦺ thickness-of ꦫꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ rawon ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ Surabaya ꦠꦺꦫꦒꦤ꧀ꦠꦸꦁ depends ꦏꦫꦺꦴ with ꦏ꧀ꦭꦸꦮꦏ꧀ kluwak 5.25b kekenthelané (ke-ken-the-la-né) thickness-of rawon (ra-won) rawon Surabaya (Su-ra-ba-ya) Surabaya tergantung (ter-gan-tung) depends karo (ka-ro) with kluwak (klu-wak) kluwak

5.26a ꦧꦸꦩ꧀ꦧꦸ spices ꦏꦁ which ꦒꦺꦥꦸꦏ꧀ gepuk ꦢꦒꦶꦁ meat ꦏꦸꦢꦸ must ꦠꦸꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦱ꧀ penetrate ꦚꦗꦺꦫꦺꦴ inside 5.26b bumbu (bum-bu) spices kang (kang) which gepuk (ge-puk) gepuk daging (da-ging) meat kudu (ku-du) must tumpes (tum-pes) penetrate njero (nje-ro) inside

5.27a ꦮꦺꦢꦁꦲꦺ wedang-of ꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦴ ronde ꦲꦶꦏꦶ this ꦲꦺꦤꦏ꧀ contains ꦗꦲꦺ ginger ꦭꦤ꧀ and ꦒꦸꦭ sugar ꦩꦺꦫꦃ red 5.27b wedangé (we-dang-é) beverage-of ronde (ron-de) ronde iki (i-ki) this enak (e-nak) contains jahe (ja-he) ginger lan (lan) and gula (gu-la) sugar merah (me-rah) red

5.28a ꦫꦱ taste ꦱꦏ from ꦱꦺꦒ sega ꦖꦶꦮꦸꦏ꧀ liwet ꦱꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴ Solo ꦲꦼꦤꦏ꧀ delicious ꦩꦼꦤꦮꦶ if ꦩꦔꦤ꧀ eaten ꦏꦫꦺꦴ with ꦲꦫꦺꦃ vegetables 5.28b rasa (ra-sa) taste saka (sa-ka) from sega (se-ga) rice liwet (li-wet) liwet Solo (So-lo) Solo enak (e-nak) delicious menawi (me-na-wi) if mangan (ma-ngan) eaten karo (ka-ro) with areh (a-reh) vegetables

5.29a ꦗꦼꦤꦺꦁꦲꦺ name-of ꦏꦸꦮꦺ cake ꦏꦁ which ꦛꦿꦢꦶꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀ traditional ꦏꦪ like ꦱꦼꦫꦧꦶ serabi ꦥꦸꦏꦶꦱ꧀ pukis 5.29b jenengé (je-neng-é) name-of kue (ku-we) cake kang (kang) which tradisional (tra-di-si-o-nal) traditional kaya (ka-ya) like serabi (se-ra-bi) serabi pukis (pu-kis) pukis

5.30a ꦲꦺꦴꦭꦃꦲꦤꦺ processing-of ꦏꦕꦁ beans ꦏꦺꦢꦺꦭꦺ soybean ꦢꦢꦶ become ꦠꦲꦸ tofu ꦠꦺꦩ꧀ꦥꦺ tempe ꦏꦸꦢꦸ must ꦠ꧀ꦭꦠꦺꦤ꧀ careful 5.30b olahané (o-la-ha-né) processing-of kacang (ka-cang) beans kedele (ke-de-le) soybean dadi (da-di) become tahu (ta-hu) tofu tempe (tem-pe) tempe kudu (ku-du) must tlaten (tla-ten) careful

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

5.16 Bumbuné gudeg Yogya kudu lengkap. The spices of Yogya gudeg must be complete.

5.17 Rasané sambal bawang pedes temen. The taste of onion sambal is truly spicy.

5.18 Kuahé saka soto Lamongan gurih banget. The broth from Lamongan soto is very savory.

5.19 Wedangé jahe anget pas kanggo wayah udan. The ginger beverage is warm, suitable for rainy times.

5.20 Isiné ketupat sayur lodeh beras tenan. The filling of ketupat with lodeh vegetables is truly delicious.

5.21 Gawéyané tempe kang tradisional butuh waktu suwé. The making of traditional tempe needs a long time.

5.22 Campurané santen parut karo gula Jawa. The mixture of grated coconut with Javanese sugar.

5.23 Aromané kluwak ireng iku khas banget. The aroma of black kluwak is very special.

5.24 Carané masak saka mbah biyen isih digunakake. The way of cooking from grandmother in old days is still used.

5.25 Kekenthelané rawon Surabaya tergantung karo kluwak. The thickness of Surabaya rawon depends on kluwak.

5.26 Bumbu kang gepuk daging kudu tumpes njero. The spices which (are for) meat gepuk must penetrate inside.

5.27 Wedangé ronde iki enak jahe lan gula merah. The beverage of this ronde contains ginger and brown sugar.

5.28 Rasa saka sega liwet Solo enak menawi mangan karo areh. The taste from Solo liwet rice is delicious if eaten with vegetables.

5.29 Jenengé kue kang tradisional kaya serabi pukis. The names of traditional cakes like serabi and pukis.

5.30 Olahané kacang kedele dadi tahu tempe kudu tlaten. The processing of soybeans into tofu and tempe must be careful.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

5.16 Bumbuné gudeg Yogya kudu lengkap.

5.17 Rasané sambal bawang pedes temen.

5.18 Kuahé saka soto Lamongan gurih banget.

5.19 Wedangé jahe anget pas kanggo wayah udan.

5.20 Isiné ketupat sayur lodeh beras tenan.

5.21 Gawéyané tempe kang tradisional butuh waktu suwé.

5.22 Campurané santen parut karo gula Jawa.

5.23 Aromané kluwak ireng iku khas banget.

5.24 Carané masak saka mbah biyen isih digunakake.

5.25 Kekenthelané rawon Surabaya tergantung karo kluwak.

5.26 Bumbu kang gepuk daging kudu tumpes njero.

5.27 Wedangé ronde iki enak jahe lan gula merah.

5.28 Rasa saka sega liwet Solo enak menawi mangan karo areh.

5.29 Jenengé kue kang tradisional kaya serabi pukis.

5.30 Olahané kacang kedele dadi tahu tempe kudu tlaten.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D (Grammar Notes for Recipe Genre)

Special Uses of "of" in Javanese Culinary Language

When discussing recipes and food in Javanese, the expression of "of" follows specific patterns that reflect both the preparation process and cultural significance of food.

The Possessive -é/-né in Food Contexts

In recipe language, -é/-né is extensively used to describe:

1. Components and ingredients:

   • bumbuné (the spices of)

   • rasané (the taste of)

   • isiné (the filling of)

   • kuahé (the broth of)

2. Preparation methods:

   • carané (the way of)

   • gawéyané (the making of)

   • olahané (the processing of)

Using "saka" for Origins and Sources

Recipe contexts often use "saka" to indicate:

• Regional origins: soto saka Lamongan (soto from Lamongan)

• Traditional sources: carané masak saka mbah (grandmother's way of cooking)

• Base ingredients: rasa saka sega liwet (taste from liwet rice)

The Relative "kang" in Descriptions

"Kang" appears frequently to describe:

• Types of food: tempe kang tradisional (traditional tempe)

• Cooking processes: bumbu kang gepuk (spices which are for pounding)

• Categories: kue kang tradisional (traditional cakes)

Common Recipe-Specific Patterns

1. Ingredient relationships: Often use possessive suffixes

   • campurané X karo Y (the mixture of X with Y)

2. Regional dishes: Combine dish name with place name

   • gudeg Yogya (Yogya-style gudeg)

   • rawon Surabaya (Surabaya-style rawon)

3. Process descriptions: Use -é/-né for methods

   • olahané kedele (the processing of soybeans)

Common Mistakes in Recipe Contexts

1. Overusing "saka" for ingredients

   • Wrong: bumbu saka gudeg

   • Right: bumbuné gudeg (the spices of gudeg)

2. Forgetting regional naming conventions

   • Wrong: soto né Lamongan

   • Right: soto Lamongan (Lamongan soto)

3. Misusing "kang" with ingredients

   • Wrong: gula kang Jawa

   • Right: gula Jawa (Javanese sugar)

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

About This Course

The Latinum Institute has been creating innovative online language learning materials since 2006, pioneering methods that make ancient and modern languages accessible to autodidacts worldwide.

The Method

These lessons follow the construed text approach developed at latinum.substack.com and latinum.org.uk. This method breaks down authentic texts into manageable components, allowing learners to build comprehension gradually through:

• Interlinear glossing that shows the direct correspondence between languages

• Progressive complexity from simple phrases to literary texts

• Cultural integration that embeds grammar in real-world contexts

• Genre variety exposing learners to different registers and styles

Why These Lessons Work for Autodidacts

1. Complete transparency: Every word is glossed, nothing is assumed

2. Multiple presentations: The same content appears in different formats (interlinear, complete sentences, target language only)

3. Cultural grounding: Grammar is taught through culturally authentic examples

4. No prerequisites: Each lesson stands alone while building on previous knowledge

5. Practical application: Real texts from real sources, not artificial examples

The Latinum Institute Approach

Since 2006, the Latinum Institute has focused on making language learning:

• Accessible: No expensive textbooks or courses required

• Authentic: Using real texts from target language cultures

• Comprehensive: Covering all aspects from basic grammar to literary analysis

• Self-paced: Designed for independent learners

For testimonials and reviews from students worldwide, visit: https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk

Using This Lesson

This lesson introduced both the concept of "of" in Javanese and the traditional Javanese script. As you progress:

1. Focus first on understanding the Latin script examples

2. Gradually familiarize yourself with the Javanese script shapes

3. Practice recognizing common words in both scripts

4. Use the cultural notes to understand when to use each form

5. Apply the patterns in the genre section to real-world contexts

The complete course index and additional resources are available at: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Introduction

Welcome to Lesson 4 of the Javanese language course for English speakers. In this lesson, we will explore how Javanese expresses the concept of the English indefinite article "a" or "an". Unlike English, Javanese does not have a direct equivalent to "a/an", but instead uses various strategies including the numeral "siji" (one), the phrase "sawijining" (one of), or often no article at all, relying on context. This fundamental difference between English and Javanese is crucial for learners to understand.

For more lessons and the complete course index, please visit: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index

FAQ Schema: Question: What does "a" mean in Javanese? Answer: Javanese doesn't have a direct equivalent to the English indefinite article "a/an". Instead, Javanese uses context, the numeral "siji" (one), or phrases like "sawijining" (one of) to express indefiniteness. Often, no article is needed at all in Javanese where English would require "a" or "an".

This lesson will demonstrate through 15 carefully constructed examples how Javanese handles indefinite reference. You'll learn when to use "siji", when to use "sawijining", and when to omit any article entirely. Each example includes detailed word-by-word glossing, transliteration, and cultural context to help you master this important concept.

Educational Schema: Subject: Javanese Language Learning Level: Beginner to Intermediate Topic: Indefinite Articles and Reference Learning Objectives: Understanding how Javanese expresses indefiniteness; comparing English and Javanese article systems; practical usage in everyday contexts

Key Takeaways:

• Javanese has no direct equivalent to English "a/an"

• Context often determines indefiniteness in Javanese

• "Siji" (one) and "sawijining" (one of) can sometimes serve similar functions

• Understanding when to omit articles is crucial for natural Javanese

• Cultural context influences article usage

Section A (Detailed Interlinear Glossing)

4.1a Ana (a-na) there-is wong (wong) person teka (te-ka) come 4.1b ꦲꦤ there-is ꦮꦺꦴꦁ person ꦠꦼꦏ come

4.2a Aku (a-ku) I tuku (tu-ku) buy buku (bu-ku) book siji (si-ji) one 4.2b ꦲꦏꦸ I ꦠꦸꦏꦸ buy ꦧꦸꦏꦸ book ꦱꦶꦗꦶ one

4.3a Dheweke (dhe-we-ke) he/she duwe (du-we) have kucing (ku-cing) cat 4.3b ꦝꦺꦮꦺꦏꦺ he/she ꦢꦸꦮꦺ have ꦏꦸꦕꦶꦁ cat

4.4a Sawijining (sa-wi-ji-ning) one-of murid (mu-rid) student takon (ta-kon) ask 4.4b ꦱꦮꦶꦗꦶꦤꦶꦁ one-of ꦩꦸꦫꦶꦢ꧀ student ꦠꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ ask

4.5a Bapak (ba-pak) father nggawa (ng-ga-wa) bring payung (pa-yung) umbrella 4.5b ꦧꦥꦏ꧀ father ꦔ꧀ꦒꦮ bring ꦥꦪꦸꦁ umbrella

4.6a Ana (a-na) there-is bocah (bo-cah) child dolanan (do-la-nan) play ing (ing) in taman (ta-man) garden 4.6b ꦲꦤ there-is ꦧꦺꦴꦕꦃ child ꦢꦺꦴꦭꦤꦤ꧀ play ꦲꦶꦁ in ꦠꦩꦤ꧀ garden

4.7a Ibu (i-bu) mother masak (ma-sak) cook sega (se-ga) rice goreng (go-reng) fried 4.7b ꦲꦶꦧꦸ mother ꦩꦱꦏ꧀ cook ꦱꦼꦒ rice ꦒꦺꦴꦫꦺꦁ fried

4.8a Guru (gu-ru) teacher menehi (me-ne-hi) give tugas (tu-gas) task 4.8b ꦒꦸꦫꦸ teacher ꦩꦼꦤꦺꦲꦶ give ꦠꦸꦒꦱ꧀ task

4.9a Wong (wong) person lanang (la-nang) male siji (si-ji) one teka (te-ka) come 4.9b ꦮꦺꦴꦁ person ꦭꦤꦁ male ꦱꦶꦗꦶ one ꦠꦼꦏ come

4.10a Aku (a-ku) I ketemu (ke-te-mu) meet kanca (kan-ca) friend anyar (a-nyar) new 4.10b ꦲꦏꦸ I ꦏꦼꦠꦼꦩꦸ meet ꦏꦤ꧀ꦕ friend ꦲꦚꦂ new

4.11a Sawijining (sa-wi-ji-ning) one-of dina (di-na) day aku (a-ku) I lunga (lu-nga) go menyang (me-nyang) to Yogya (yog-ya) Yogya 4.11b ꦱꦮꦶꦗꦶꦤꦶꦁ one-of ꦢꦶꦤ day ꦲꦏꦸ I ꦭꦸꦔ go ꦩꦼꦚꦁ to ꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾ Yogya

4.12a Pakdhe (pak-dhe) uncle tuku (tu-ku) buy mobil (mo-bil) car 4.12b ꦥꦏ꧀ꦝꦺ uncle ꦠꦸꦏꦸ buy ꦩꦺꦴꦧꦶꦭ꧀ car

4.13a Ana (a-na) there-is pitik (pi-tik) chicken ing (ing) in latar (la-tar) yard 4.13b ꦲꦤ there-is ꦥꦶꦠꦶꦏ꧀ chicken ꦲꦶꦁ in ꦭꦠꦂ yard

4.14a Cah (cah) child cilik (ci-lik) small nangis (na-ngis) cry 4.14b ꦕꦃ child ꦕꦶꦭꦶꦏ꧀ small ꦤꦔꦶꦱ꧀ cry

4.15a Mbah (mbah) grandparent crita (cri-ta) tell dongeng (do-ngeng) story 4.15b ꦩ꧀ꦧꦃ grandparent ꦕꦿꦶꦠ tell ꦢꦺꦴꦔꦺꦁ story

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

4.1 Ana wong teka. A person came.

4.2 Aku tuku buku siji. I bought a book.

4.3 Dheweke duwe kucing. He/she has a cat.

4.4 Sawijining murid takon. A student asked.

4.5 Bapak nggawa payung. Father brings an umbrella.

4.6 Ana bocah dolanan ing taman. A child is playing in the garden.

4.7 Ibu masak sega goreng. Mother is cooking fried rice.

4.8 Guru menehi tugas. The teacher gives an assignment.

4.9 Wong lanang siji teka. A man came.

4.10 Aku ketemu kanca anyar. I met a new friend.

4.11 Sawijining dina aku lunga menyang Yogya. One day I went to Yogya.

4.12 Pakdhe tuku mobil. Uncle bought a car.

4.13 Ana pitik ing latar. There is a chicken in the yard.

4.14 Cah cilik nangis. A small child is crying.

4.15 Mbah crita dongeng. Grandmother tells a story.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

4.1 Ana wong teka.

4.2 Aku tuku buku siji.

4.3 Dheweke duwe kucing.

4.4 Sawijining murid takon.

4.5 Bapak nggawa payung.

4.6 Ana bocah dolanan ing taman.

4.7 Ibu masak sega goreng.

4.8 Guru menehi tugas.

4.9 Wong lanang siji teka.

4.10 Aku ketemu kanca anyar.

4.11 Sawijining dina aku lunga menyang Yogya.

4.12 Pakdhe tuku mobil.

4.13 Ana pitik ing latar.

4.14 Cah cilik nangis.

4.15 Mbah crita dongeng.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D (Grammar Explanation for English Speakers)

Grammar Rules for Expressing "a/an" in Javanese

Unlike English, which requires the indefinite articles "a" or "an" before singular countable nouns, Javanese handles indefiniteness very differently. Here are the main strategies:

1. Zero Article (Most Common) In most cases, Javanese simply omits any article where English would use "a/an":

• English: "I have a cat"

• Javanese: "Aku duwe kucing" (literally: "I have cat")

2. Using "siji" (one) When emphasis on singularity is needed, Javanese uses "siji" (one):

• English: "I bought a book"

• Javanese: "Aku tuku buku siji" (literally: "I buy book one")

3. Using "sawijining" (one of) For more formal or literary contexts, "sawijining" expresses "a certain" or "one of":

• English: "A student asked"

• Javanese: "Sawijining murid takon" (literally: "One of student ask")

4. Using "ana" (there is/are) To introduce new information, Javanese often uses existential "ana":

• English: "A person came"

• Javanese: "Ana wong teka" (literally: "There is person come")

Common Mistakes

1. Overusing "siji" English speakers often overuse "siji" thinking it directly translates "a/an". Remember: most of the time, no article is needed.

2. Word Order Confusion When "siji" is used, it typically comes AFTER the noun, not before:

• Correct: "buku siji" (book one)

• Incorrect: "siji buku" (one book - this means "one book" emphasizing the number)

3. Using Articles with Uncountable Nouns Just like English doesn't use "a/an" with uncountable nouns, Javanese doesn't use "siji" with them:

• Correct: "Aku ngombe banyu" (I drink water)

• Incorrect: "Aku ngombe banyu siji"

4. Forgetting Context Javanese relies heavily on context. Don't feel you must always specify singularity.

Step-by-Step Guide

When translating English "a/an" to Javanese:

1. First, determine if the article is truly necessary

2. If introducing new information, consider using "ana"

3. If emphasizing singularity, place "siji" AFTER the noun

4. For formal/literary style, consider "sawijining" BEFORE the noun

5. In most casual contexts, omit the article entirely

Grammatical Summary

Javanese Indefinite Reference Patterns:

• Zero article: [Subject] + [Verb] + [Object]

• With siji: [Subject] + [Verb] + [Object] + siji

• With sawijining: [Subject] + [Verb] + sawijining + [Object]

• Existential: Ana + [Subject] + [Verb]

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section E (Cultural Context)

Cultural Context for Understanding Javanese Articles

The absence of indefinite articles in Javanese reflects deeper cultural patterns in Javanese thought and communication. In Javanese culture, context and relationships are paramount, and the language reflects this through its contextual flexibility.

Social Hierarchy and Language Javanese society traditionally values indirect communication and contextual understanding. The absence of explicit articles mirrors the cultural preference for allowing context to provide meaning rather than explicit grammatical markers. This is connected to the Javanese concept of "tanggap ing sasmita" (understanding subtle signs).

Influence of Indonesian Modern Javanese, especially among younger speakers, shows increasing influence from Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), which also lacks indefinite articles. This has reinforced the article-less structure of Javanese, though Indonesian loanwords are increasingly common in urban Javanese speech.

Traditional Javanese Literature Classical Javanese texts, including wayang (shadow puppet) stories and tembang (traditional songs), demonstrate even more flexibility with articles. The language of classical literature often omits even more grammatical markers than modern spoken Javanese, relying on poetic context and cultural knowledge.

Regional Variations Different regions of Java handle indefiniteness slightly differently:

• Central Javanese (Surakarta/Yogyakarta) tends to be more conservative

• East Javanese may use "siji" more frequently

• Western Javanese shows more Indonesian influence

Practical Communication In daily life, Javanese speakers effortlessly navigate without articles by using:

• Demonstratives (iki/this, kuwi/that) when specificity is needed

• Context from previous conversation

• Gesture and non-verbal communication

• Shared cultural knowledge

Understanding this cultural context helps English speakers appreciate why direct translation of articles often sounds unnatural in Javanese and why mastering Javanese requires developing sensitivity to context rather than memorizing grammatical rules.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section F (Literary Citation)

Source: Serat Dewaruci (classical Javanese text), adapted excerpt

Part F-A (Interleaved Construed Text)

Sawijining (sa-wi-ji-ning) one-of dina (di-na) day Werkudara (wer-ku-da-ra) Werkudara kesasar (ke-sa-sar) lost ing (ing) in alas (a-las) forest. Dheweke (dhe-we-ke) he ketemu (ke-te-mu) meet pandhita (pan-dhi-ta) priest tuwa (tu-wa) old. Pandhita (pan-dhi-ta) priest mau (ma-u) that maringi (ma-ri-ngi) give pitutur (pi-tu-tur) advice. Werkudara (wer-ku-da-ra) Werkudara nampa (nam-pa) receive ilmu (il-mu) knowledge saka (sa-ka) from pandhita (pan-dhi-ta) priest kang (kang) who wicaksana (wi-cak-sa-na) wise.

Part F-B (Authentic Text with Translation)

Sawijining dina Werkudara kesasar ing alas. Dheweke ketemu pandhita tuwa. Pandhita mau maringi pitutur. Werkudara nampa ilmu saka pandhita kang wicaksana.

One day Werkudara got lost in a forest. He met an old priest. That priest gave advice. Werkudara received knowledge from the wise priest.

Part F-C (Javanese Text Only)

Sawijining dina Werkudara kesasar ing alas. Dheweke ketemu pandhita tuwa. Pandhita mau maringi pitutur. Werkudara nampa ilmu saka pandhita kang wicaksana.

Part F-D (Literary Analysis)

This excerpt from the classical Serat Dewaruci demonstrates the use of "sawijining" in traditional Javanese literature. Note how "sawijining dina" (one day) sets the narrative scene, functioning similarly to the English "one day" or "once upon a time." The text then proceeds without articles, using context and word order to convey meaning. The demonstrative "mau" (that aforementioned) provides definiteness when referring back to the priest. This classical style influences modern Javanese narrative patterns.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Genre Section: Traditional Market Scene

Section A (Detailed Interlinear Glossing)

4.16a Esuk-esuk (e-suk e-suk) early-morning ibu (i-bu) mother lunga (lu-nga) go menyang (me-nyang) to pasar (pa-sar) market 4.16b ꦲꦺꦱꦸꦏ꧀ꦲꦺꦱꦸꦏ꧀ early-morning ꦲꦶꦧꦸ mother ꦭꦸꦔ go ꦩꦼꦚꦁ to ꦥꦱꦂ market

4.17a Ing (ing) at pasar (pa-sar) market ana (a-na) there-is bakul (ba-kul) seller sayur (sa-yur) vegetable akeh (a-keh) many 4.17b ꦲꦶꦁ at ꦥꦱꦂ market ꦲꦤ there-is ꦧꦏꦸꦭ꧀ seller ꦱꦪꦸꦂ vegetable ꦲꦏꦺꦃ many

4.18a Ibu (i-bu) mother tuku (tu-ku) buy lombok (lom-bok) chili sak (sak) one kilo (ki-lo) kilo 4.18b ꦲꦶꦧꦸ mother ꦠꦸꦏꦸ buy ꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦧꦺꦴꦏ꧀ chili ꦱꦏ꧀ one ꦏꦶꦭꦺꦴ kilo

4.19a Bakul (ba-kul) seller wedok (we-dok) female nawani (na-wa-ni) offer jeruk (je-ruk) orange seger (se-ger) fresh 4.19b ꦧꦏꦸꦭ꧀ seller ꦮꦺꦢꦺꦴꦏ꧀ female ꦤꦮꦤꦶ offer ꦗꦼꦫꦸꦏ꧀ orange ꦱꦼꦒꦼꦂ fresh

4.20a Ana (a-na) there-is wong (wong) person tuku (tu-ku) buy iwak (i-wak) fish lele (le-le) catfish 4.20b ꦲꦤ there-is ꦮꦺꦴꦁ person ꦠꦸꦏꦸ buy ꦲꦶꦮꦏ꧀ fish ꦭꦺꦭꦺ catfish

4.21a Bocah (bo-cah) child cilik (ci-lik) small nggawa (ng-ga-wa) carry kranjang (kran-jang) basket 4.21b ꦧꦺꦴꦕꦃ child ꦕꦶꦭꦶꦏ꧀ small ꦔ꧀ꦒꦮ carry ꦏꦿꦤ꧀ꦗꦁ basket

4.22a Ibu (i-bu) mother milih (mi-lih) choose endhog (en-dhog) egg pitik (pi-tik) chicken kampung (kam-pung) village 4.22b ꦲꦶꦧꦸ mother ꦩꦶꦭꦶꦃ choose ꦲꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦒ꧀ egg ꦥꦶꦠꦶꦏ꧀ chicken ꦏꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦁ village

4.23a Bakul (ba-kul) seller jamu (ja-mu) herbal-medicine nggendong (ng-gen-dong) carry dagangan (da-gang-an) wares 4.23b ꦧꦏꦸꦭ꧀ seller ꦗꦩꦸ herbal-medicine ꦔ꧀ꦒꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦴꦁ carry ꦢꦒꦁꦲꦤ꧀ wares

4.24a Sawijining (sa-wi-ji-ning) one-of pembeli (pem-be-li) buyer nawar (na-war) bargain rega (re-ga) price 4.24b ꦱꦮꦶꦗꦶꦤꦶꦁ one-of ꦥꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦭꦶ buyer ꦤꦮꦂ bargain ꦫꦼꦒ price

4.25a Tukang (tu-kang) craftsman becak (be-cak) pedicab ngenteni (ngen-te-ni) wait penumpang (pe-num-pang) passenger 4.25b ꦠꦸꦏꦁ craftsman ꦧꦼꦕꦏ꧀ pedicab ꦔꦼꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤꦶ wait ꦥꦼꦤꦸꦩ꧀ꦥꦁ passenger

4.26a Ibu (i-bu) mother tuku (tu-ku) buy kembang (kem-bang) flower mawar (ma-war) rose 4.26b ꦲꦶꦧꦸ mother ꦠꦸꦏꦸ buy ꦏꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦁ flower ꦩꦮꦂ rose

4.27a Ana (a-na) there-is bakul (ba-kul) seller buah (bu-ah) fruit nata (na-ta) arrange dagangan (da-gang-an) merchandise 4.27b ꦲꦤ there-is ꦧꦏꦸꦭ꧀ seller ꦧꦸꦲꦃ fruit ꦤꦠ arrange ꦢꦒꦁꦲꦤ꧀ merchandise

4.28a Wong (wong) person tuwa (tu-wa) old lungguh (lung-guh) sit ing (ing) at bangku (bang-ku) bench 4.28b ꦮꦺꦴꦁ person ꦠꦸꦮ old ꦭꦸꦁꦒꦸꦃ sit ꦲꦶꦁ at ꦧꦁꦏꦸ bench

4.29a Pasar (pa-sar) market wis (wis) already rame (ra-me) crowded banget (ba-nget) very 4.29b ꦥꦱꦂ market ꦮꦶꦱ꧀ already ꦫꦩꦺ crowded ꦧꦔꦼꦠ꧀ very

4.30a Ibu (i-bu) mother bali (ba-li) return nggawa (ng-ga-wa) carry blanjaan (blan-ja-an) groceries akeh (a-keh) many 4.30b ꦲꦶꦧꦸ mother ꦧꦭꦶ return ꦔ꧀ꦒꦮ carry ꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦗꦲꦤ꧀ groceries ꦲꦏꦺꦃ many

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

4.16 Esuk-esuk ibu lunga menyang pasar. Early in the morning, mother goes to the market.

4.17 Ing pasar ana bakul sayur akeh. At the market there are many vegetable sellers.

4.18 Ibu tuku lombok sak kilo. Mother buys a kilo of chili peppers.

4.19 Bakul wedok nawani jeruk seger. A female vendor offers fresh oranges.

4.20 Ana wong tuku iwak lele. Someone is buying catfish.

4.21 Bocah cilik nggawa kranjang. A small child carries a basket.

4.22 Ibu milih endhog pitik kampung. Mother chooses free-range chicken eggs.

4.23 Bakul jamu nggendong dagangan. An herbal medicine seller carries her wares.

4.24 Sawijining pembeli nawar rega. A buyer bargains over the price.

4.25 Tukang becak ngenteni penumpang. A pedicab driver waits for passengers.

4.26 Ibu tuku kembang mawar. Mother buys roses.

4.27 Ana bakul buah nata dagangan. A fruit seller arranges merchandise.

4.28 Wong tuwa lungguh ing bangku. An elderly person sits on a bench.

4.29 Pasar wis rame banget. The market is already very crowded.

4.30 Ibu bali nggawa blanjaan akeh. Mother returns home carrying many groceries.

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

4.16 Esuk-esuk ibu lunga menyang pasar.

4.17 Ing pasar ana bakul sayur akeh.

4.18 Ibu tuku lombok sak kilo.

4.19 Bakul wedok nawani jeruk seger.

4.20 Ana wong tuku iwak lele.

4.21 Bocah cilik nggawa kranjang.

4.22 Ibu milih endhog pitik kampung.

4.23 Bakul jamu nggendong dagangan.

4.24 Sawijining pembeli nawar rega.

4.25 Tukang becak ngenteni penumpang.

4.26 Ibu tuku kembang mawar.

4.27 Ana bakul buah nata dagangan.

4.28 Wong tuwa lungguh ing bangku.

4.29 Pasar wis rame banget.

4.30 Ibu bali nggawa blanjaan akeh.

Section D (Grammar Notes for Market Scene Genre)

The market scene narrative demonstrates several important patterns for expressing indefiniteness in Javanese:

Existential "ana" Usage Notice how "ana" frequently introduces new participants in the market scene (examples 4.17, 4.20, 4.27). This is the most natural way to say "there is a..." in Javanese narrative.

Zero Article with Professions Professions and roles (bakul/seller, tukang becak/pedicab driver) appear without articles, just as they would in newspaper headlines in English.

Classifier Usage Note "sak kilo" (one kilo) in example 4.18. "Sak" is a classifier meaning "one (measure of)" and is used with measurements rather than the plain number "siji."

Generic Reference Many nouns in this scene (pasar/market, wong/people) refer generically to types rather than specific individuals, requiring no article in Javanese.

Narrative Cohesion The narrative maintains cohesion through word order and context rather than articles. Once "ibu" is introduced, subsequent references don't need additional marking.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

About This Course

The Latinum Institute has been creating innovative online language learning materials since 2006, pioneering self-directed learning methods for classical and modern languages. These lessons are specifically designed for autodidacts - independent learners who prefer to study at their own pace without formal classroom instruction.

Our unique approach, detailed at latinum.substack.com and latinum.org.uk, emphasizes:

• Interlinear Translation: Every word is glossed individually, allowing learners to build vocabulary systematically while understanding grammatical structures

• Natural Language Examples: All sentences come from authentic usage, not artificial textbook constructions

• Cultural Integration: Language learning includes essential cultural context

• Progressive Difficulty: Lessons build systematically from basic concepts to complex literary texts

The method employed in these lessons draws from centuries of language pedagogy, particularly the Renaissance humanist tradition of learning through authentic texts with detailed commentary. By providing word-by-word analysis alongside natural translations, learners develop both analytical understanding and intuitive grasp of the language.

Each lesson includes:

• Detailed grammatical explanations comparing source and target languages

• Cultural notes explaining usage in social context

• Literary excerpts demonstrating authentic language use

• Genre-specific sections showing language in various contexts

The Latinum Institute's materials have been used successfully by thousands of independent learners worldwide. Our approach is particularly effective for:

• Adult learners returning to language study

• Students preparing for advanced language examinations

• Researchers needing reading knowledge of languages

• Anyone interested in deep cultural understanding through language

For testimonials and reviews from successful learners, visit: https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk

The complete course index and additional resources are available at: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

This lesson focuses on the Javanese word lan (and), one of the most essential conjunctions in the language. Javanese is an Austronesian language spoken by over 80 million people, primarily on the island of Java in Indonesia.

For a complete index of lessons in this course, please visit: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index

Definition: The word lan is the primary Javanese conjunction equivalent to the English word "and." It connects words, phrases, or clauses of equal grammatical importance. In formal or literary contexts, you may also encounter sarta or kaliyan, while in colloquial speech, karo (which also means "with") is sometimes used.

FAQ Schema: Q: What does "lan" mean in Javanese? A: "Lan" means "and" in English. It is used to connect two or more words, phrases, or sentences together, functioning as a coordinating conjunction.

Educational Schema: Subject: Javanese Language Learning Level: Beginner Topic: Conjunctions - The word "lan" (and) Type: Reading Lesson for English-speaking autodidacts Institution: Latinum Institute Format: Self-study material with interlinear glossing

How this topic word will be used: In this lesson, you will encounter lan in various positions within sentences, connecting nouns, verbs, adjectives, and complete clauses. The examples progress from simple noun connections to more complex sentence structures, helping you understand the versatile usage of this fundamental conjunction.

Key Takeaways:

• Lan is the most common Javanese word for "and"

• It connects elements of equal grammatical importance

• Position in the sentence is flexible but usually between the connected elements

• Unlike English, Javanese often uses lan where English might use commas in lists

• The word remains unchanged regardless of what it connects

Section A (Detailed Interlinear Glossing)

3.1a Ibu mother (i-bu) tuku buys (tu-ku) sayur vegetables (sa-yur) lan and (lan) woh fruit (woh) ing at (ing) pasar market (pa-sar) 3.1b Ibu (i-bu) mother tuku (tu-ku) buys sayur (sa-yur) vegetables lan (lan) and woh (woh) fruit ing (ing) at pasar (pa-sar) market

3.2a Bapak father (ba-pak) maca reads (ma-ca) koran newspaper (ko-ran) lan and (lan) ngombe drinks (ngo-mbé) kopi coffee (ko-pi) 3.2b Bapak (ba-pak) father maca (ma-ca) reads koran (ko-ran) newspaper lan (lan) and ngombe (ngom-bé) drinks kopi (ko-pi) coffee

3.3a Adhik younger-sibling (a-dhik) seneng likes (se-neng) dolanan play (do-la-nan) lan and (lan) sinau study (si-na-u) 3.3b Adhik (a-dhik) younger-sibling seneng (se-neng) likes dolanan (do-la-nan) play lan (lan) and sinau (si-na-u) study

3.4a Simbah grandmother (sim-bah) lungguh sits (lung-guh) ing in (ing) kursi chair (kur-si) lan and (lan) nyulam embroiders (nyu-lam) 3.4b Simbah (sim-bah) grandmother lungguh (lung-guh) sits ing (ing) in kursi (kur-si) chair lan (lan) and nyulam (nyu-lam) embroiders

3.5a Mas older-brother (mas) lan and (lan) mbak older-sister (mbak) padha together (pa-dha) lunga go (lung-a) menyang to (me-nyang) sekolah school (se-ko-lah) 3.5b Mas (mas) older-brother lan (lan) and mbak (mbak) older-sister padha (pa-dha) together lunga (lung-a) go menyang (me-nyang) to sekolah (se-ko-lah) school

3.6a Pitik chicken (pi-tik) cilik small (ci-lik) lan and (lan) bebek duck (be-bek) gedhe big (ge-dhé) ana exist (a-na) ing in (ing) kandhang coop (kan-dhang) 3.6b Pitik (pi-tik) chicken cilik (ci-lik) small lan (lan) and bebek (be-bek) duck gedhe (ge-dhé) big ana (a-na) exist ing (ing) in kandhang (kan-dhang) coop

3.7a Aku I (a-ku) turu sleep (tu-ru) awan noon (a-wan) lan and (lan) tangi wake (ta-ngi) sore afternoon (so-ré) 3.7b Aku (a-ku) I turu (tu-ru) sleep awan (a-wan) noon lan (lan) and tangi (ta-ngi) wake sore (so-ré) afternoon

3.8a Kembang flower (kem-bang) abang red (a-bang) lan and (lan) kuning yellow (ku-ning) mekar blooms (me-kar) ing in (ing) taman garden (ta-man) 3.8b Kembang (kem-bang) flower abang (a-bang) red lan (lan) and kuning (ku-ning) yellow mekar (me-kar) blooms ing (ing) in taman (ta-man) garden

3.9a Bocah child (bo-cah) mlayu runs (mla-yu) banter fast (ban-ter) lan and (lan) ngguyu laughs (nggu-yu) bungah happy (bu-ngah) 3.9b Bocah (bo-cah) child mlayu (mla-yu) runs banter (ban-ter) fast lan (lan) and ngguyu (nggu-yu) laughs bungah (bu-ngah) happy

3.10a Segara ocean (se-ga-ra) jero deep (je-ro) lan and (lan) amba wide (am-ba) banget very (ba-nget) 3.10b Segara (se-ga-ra) ocean jero (je-ro) deep lan (lan) and amba (am-ba) wide banget (ba-nget) very

3.11a Guru teacher (gu-ru) nerangake explains (ne-rang-a-ke) alon slowly (a-lon) lan and (lan) cetha clearly (ce-tha) 3.11b Guru (gu-ru) teacher nerangake (ne-rang-a-ke) explains alon (a-lon) slowly lan (lan) and cetha (ce-tha) clearly

3.12a Udan rain (u-dan) deres heavy (de-res) lan and (lan) angin wind (a-ngin) banter strong (ban-ter) wingi yesterday (wi-ngi) 3.12b Udan (u-dan) rain deres (de-res) heavy lan (lan) and angin (a-ngin) wind banter (ban-ter) strong wingi (wi-ngi) yesterday

3.13a Dheweke he/she (dhe-we-ke) pinter smart (pin-ter) matematika mathematics (ma-te-ma-ti-ka) lan and (lan) fisika physics (fi-si-ka) 3.13b Dheweke (dhe-we-ke) he/she pinter (pin-ter) smart matematika (ma-te-ma-ti-ka) mathematics lan (lan) and fisika (fi-si-ka) physics

3.14a Kowe you (ko-we) kudu must (ku-du) sabar patient (sa-bar) lan and (lan) tlaten diligent (tla-ten) 3.14b Kowe (ko-we) you kudu (ku-du) must sabar (sa-bar) patient lan (lan) and tlaten (tla-ten) diligent

3.15a Wong person (wong) tuwa old (tu-wa) lan and (lan) wong person (wong) enom young (e-nom) kabeh all (ka-beh) teka comes (te-ka) 3.15b Wong (wong) person tuwa (tu-wa) old lan (lan) and wong (wong) person enom (e-nom) young kabeh (ka-beh) all teka (te-ka) comes

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

3.1 Ibu tuku sayur lan woh ing pasar. Mother buys vegetables and fruit at the market.

3.2 Bapak maca koran lan ngombe kopi. Father reads the newspaper and drinks coffee.

3.3 Adhik seneng dolanan lan sinau. Younger sibling likes to play and study.

3.4 Simbah lungguh ing kursi lan nyulam. Grandmother sits in the chair and embroiders.

3.5 Mas lan mbak padha lunga menyang sekolah. Older brother and older sister go to school together.

3.6 Pitik cilik lan bebek gedhe ana ing kandhang. Small chickens and big ducks are in the coop.

3.7 Aku turu awan lan tangi sore. I sleep at noon and wake up in the afternoon.

3.8 Kembang abang lan kuning mekar ing taman. Red and yellow flowers bloom in the garden.

3.9 Bocah mlayu banter lan ngguyu bungah. The child runs fast and laughs happily.

3.10 Segara jero lan amba banget. The ocean is very deep and wide.

3.11 Guru nerangake alon lan cetha. The teacher explains slowly and clearly.

3.12 Udan deres lan angin banter wingi. Heavy rain and strong wind yesterday.

3.13 Dheweke pinter matematika lan fisika. He/she is smart in mathematics and physics.

3.14 Kowe kudu sabar lan tlaten. You must be patient and diligent.

3.15 Wong tuwa lan wong enom kabeh teka. Old people and young people all come.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

3.1 Ibu tuku sayur lan woh ing pasar.

3.2 Bapak maca koran lan ngombe kopi.

3.3 Adhik seneng dolanan lan sinau.

3.4 Simbah lungguh ing kursi lan nyulam.

3.5 Mas lan mbak padha lunga menyang sekolah.

3.6 Pitik cilik lan bebek gedhe ana ing kandhang.

3.7 Aku turu awan lan tangi sore.

3.8 Kembang abang lan kuning mekar ing taman.

3.9 Bocah mlayu banter lan ngguyu bungah.

3.10 Segara jero lan amba banget.

3.11 Guru nerangake alon lan cetha.

3.12 Udan deres lan angin banter wingi.

3.13 Dheweke pinter matematika lan fisika.

3.14 Kowe kudu sabar lan tlaten.

3.15 Wong tuwa lan wong enom kabeh teka.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D (Grammar Explanation for English Speakers)

Grammar Rules for "lan"

The Javanese conjunction lan functions as the primary coordinator equivalent to English "and." Here are the essential grammar rules:

1. Basic Usage: Lan connects elements of equal grammatical status - nouns with nouns, verbs with verbs, adjectives with adjectives, or complete clauses.

2. Position: Unlike some Javanese particles, lan always appears between the elements it connects. It never begins or ends a sentence on its own.

3. No Inflection: Lan remains unchanged regardless of tense, number, or the type of elements it connects. This differs from some European languages where conjunctions might change form.

4. Series and Lists: In a series of three or more items, Javanese typically uses lan before the final item only, similar to English: "apel, jeruk, lan mangga" (apples, oranges, and mangoes).

5. Clause Connection: When connecting complete clauses, lan requires no special punctuation or word order changes, making it simpler than English compound sentence rules.

Common Mistakes

1. Overuse in Lists: English speakers often insert lan between every item in a list. Javanese prefers: "buku, potlot, kertas lan tas" NOT "buku lan potlot lan kertas lan tas."

2. Word Order Confusion: Some learners try to place lan at the beginning of a sentence as emphasis. This is incorrect - lan must go between connected elements.

3. Mixing Conjunctions: Avoid mixing lan with karo in the same sentence when both mean "and." Choose one and stick with it for consistency.

4. Formal Register Errors: Using colloquial karo in formal writing when lan or sarta would be more appropriate.

Comparison with English

• English often uses commas in lists before "and"; Javanese uses commas similarly but less rigidly

• English "both...and" constructions translate to "...lan..." or sometimes "kabeh" (all) with lan

• Javanese lan is more versatile than English "and," sometimes covering meanings of "with" or "also"

Step-by-Step Guide for Using "lan"

Step 1: Identify what you want to connect (nouns, verbs, adjectives, or clauses) Step 2: Ensure both elements have the same grammatical function Step 3: Place lan directly between the elements Step 4: For lists, use commas between items and lan before the last item Step 5: Check register - use sarta for very formal contexts

Grammatical Summary

• Part of Speech: Coordinating conjunction

• Position: Between connected elements

• Variants: karo (colloquial), sarta (formal), kaliyan (respectful)

• Cannot be inflected or modified

• Functions identically whether connecting words, phrases, or clauses

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section E (Cultural Context)

Understanding the use of lan in Javanese requires appreciating the cultural context of Javanese communication patterns. Javanese society places great emphasis on harmony and balance, which is reflected in how conjunctions are used.

In traditional Javanese philosophy, the concept of rukun (harmony) influences language use. The conjunction lan embodies this by creating balanced, harmonious connections between elements. Unlike English, where "and" is purely functional, Javanese lan carries subtle implications of unity and completeness.

Speech levels (unggah-ungguh) in Javanese affect conjunction choice. While lan is neutral and can be used in most contexts, more respectful situations might call for kaliyan, especially when referring to actions involving respected persons. For example, "Bapak kaliyan Ibu" (Father and Mother) shows more respect than "Bapak lan Ibu."

In traditional Javanese literature and wayang (shadow puppet) performances, conjunctions play a crucial role in maintaining rhythm and flow. The repetitive use of lan in storytelling creates a hypnotic cadence that audiences expect and appreciate.

Modern Javanese, especially among younger speakers in urban areas, shows Indonesian influence. You might hear "dan" (Indonesian "and") mixed with lan, though purists discourage this practice. Understanding these variations helps learners navigate real-world Javanese conversations.

The choice between lan, karo, and sarta also reflects social relationships and contexts. Using karo suggests familiarity and informality, while sarta indicates education and formality. This distinction helps speakers position themselves socially through language choice.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section F (Literary Citation)

Source: From the Javanese classical text Serat Wedhatama by Mangkunegara IV (19th century)

Part F-A (Interlinear Analysis - Construed Text)

Ngelmu knowledge (ngel-mu) iku that (i-ku) kalakone practiced (ka-la-ko-ne) kanthi with (kan-thi) laku conduct (la-ku) lan and (lan) lelaku spiritual-practice (le-la-ku), tapa austerity (ta-pa) lan and (lan) brata vow (bra-ta), tanpa without (tan-pa) liren cease (li-ren)

Part F-B (Complete Text with Translation)

Ngelmu iku kalakone kanthi laku lan lelaku, tapa lan brata, tanpa liren. Knowledge is practiced through conduct and spiritual practice, austerity and vows, without ceasing.

Part F-C (Original Text Only)

Ngelmu iku kalakone kanthi laku lan lelaku, tapa lan brata, tanpa liren.

Part F-D (Analysis)

This excerpt from Serat Wedhatama demonstrates the classical use of lan in Javanese philosophical literature. The conjunction appears twice, creating parallel structures that are characteristic of traditional Javanese didactic poetry.

The first lan connects "laku" (conduct) with "lelaku" (spiritual practice), showing how mundane and spiritual actions are united. The second lan joins "tapa" (austerity) with "brata" (vows), indicating complementary spiritual disciplines.

Notice how the rhythm created by these conjunctions supports the meditative quality of the text. This is typical of Javanese piwulang (wisdom literature), where grammatical structures reinforce philosophical meanings.

The absence of lan before "tanpa liren" (without ceasing) is significant - it sets this phrase apart as a condition applying to all previous elements, showing sophisticated use of conjunction placement for meaning.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Genre Section: Traditional Javanese Recipe Instructions

Section A (Detailed Interlinear Glossing)

3.16a Jupuk take (ju-puk) beras rice (be-ras) lan and (lan) wisiki wash (wi-si-ki) nganti until (ngan-ti) resik clean (re-sik) 3.16b Jupuk (ju-puk) take beras (be-ras) rice lan (lan) and wisiki (wi-si-ki) wash nganti (ngan-ti) until resik (re-sik) clean

3.17a Iris slice (i-ris) bawang shallot (ba-wang) abang red (a-bang) lan and (lan) bawang garlic (ba-wang) putih white (pu-tih) tipis thin (ti-pis) 3.17b Iris (i-ris) slice bawang (ba-wang) shallot abang (a-bang) red lan (lan) and bawang (ba-wang) garlic putih (pu-tih) white tipis (ti-pis) thin

3.18a Goreng fry (go-reng) bumbu spices (bum-bu) lan and (lan) tambahi add (tam-ba-hi) uyah salt (u-yah) sithik little (si-thik) 3.18b Goreng (go-reng) fry bumbu (bum-bu) spices lan (lan) and tambahi (tam-ba-hi) add uyah (u-yah) salt sithik (si-thik) little

3.19a Lebokake put-in (le-bo-ka-ke) daging meat (da-ging) lan and (lan) aduk stir (a-duk) alon-alon slowly (a-lon-a-lon) 3.19b Lebokake (le-bo-ka-ke) put-in daging (da-ging) meat lan (lan) and aduk (a-duk) stir alon-alon (a-lon-a-lon) slowly

3.20a Tambahi add (tam-ba-hi) banyu water (ba-nyu) lan and (lan) santen coconut-milk (san-ten) kental thick (ken-tal) 3.20b Tambahi (tam-ba-hi) add banyu (ba-nyu) water lan (lan) and santen (san-ten) coconut-milk kental (ken-tal) thick

3.21a Wadahi put-in-container (wa-da-hi) lombok chili (lom-bok) ijo green (i-jo) lan and (lan) tomat tomato (to-mat) mateng ripe (ma-teng) 3.21b Wadahi (wa-da-hi) put-in-container lombok (lom-bok) chili ijo (i-jo) green lan (lan) and tomat (to-mat) tomato mateng (ma-teng) ripe

3.22a Godhog boil (go-dhog) nganti until (ngan-ti) umob boiling (u-mob) lan and (lan) kurangi reduce (ku-ra-ngi) geni fire (ge-ni) 3.22b Godhog (go-dhog) boil nganti (ngan-ti) until umob (u-mob) boiling lan (lan) and kurangi (ku-ra-ngi) reduce geni (ge-ni) fire

3.23a Cicip taste (ci-cip) kuah broth (ku-ah) lan and (lan) tambahi add (tam-ba-hi) gula sugar (gu-la) yen if (yen) perlu needed (per-lu) 3.23b Cicip (ci-cip) taste kuah (ku-ah) broth lan (lan) and tambahi (tam-ba-hi) add gula (gu-la) sugar yen (yen) if perlu (per-lu) needed

3.24a Tunggu wait (tung-gu) mateng cooked (ma-teng) lan and (lan) mateni turn-off (ma-te-ni) kompor stove (kom-por) 3.24b Tunggu (tung-gu) wait mateng (ma-teng) cooked lan (lan) and mateni (ma-te-ni) turn-off kompor (kom-por) stove

3.25a Tata arrange (ta-ta) ing on (ing) piring plate (pi-ring) lan and (lan) taburi sprinkle (ta-bu-ri) bawang shallot (ba-wang) goreng fried (go-reng) 3.25b Tata (ta-ta) arrange ing (ing) on piring (pi-ring) plate lan (lan) and taburi (ta-bu-ri) sprinkle bawang (ba-wang) shallot goreng (go-reng) fried

3.26a Sajikake serve (sa-ji-ka-ke) anget warm (a-nget) lan and (lan) tambahi add (tam-ba-hi) sambel chili-sauce (sam-bel) yen if (yen) seneng like (se-neng) 3.26b Sajikake (sa-ji-ka-ke) serve anget (a-nget) warm lan (lan) and tambahi (tam-ba-hi) add sambel (sam-bel) chili-sauce yen (yen) if seneng (se-neng) like

3.27a Siapke prepare (si-ap-ke) kerupuk crackers (ke-ru-puk) lan and (lan) lalapan raw-vegetables (la-la-pan) seger fresh (se-ger) 3.27b Siapke (si-ap-ke) prepare kerupuk (ke-ru-puk) crackers lan (lan) and lalapan (la-la-pan) raw-vegetables seger (se-ger) fresh

3.28a Tuang pour (tu-ang) wedang drink (we-dang) panas hot (pa-nas) lan and (lan) hidangke serve (hi-dang-ke) bebarengan together (be-ba-re-ngan) 3.28b Tuang (tu-ang) pour wedang (we-dang) drink panas (pa-nas) hot lan (lan) and hidangke (hi-dang-ke) serve bebarengan (be-ba-re-ngan) together

3.29a Eling remember (e-ling) resik clean (re-sik) piranti utensils (pi-ran-ti) lan and (lan) atur arrange (a-tur) meja table (me-ja) 3.29b Eling (e-ling) remember resik (re-sik) clean piranti (pi-ran-ti) utensils lan (lan) and atur (a-tur) arrange meja (me-ja) table

3.30a Donga pray (do-nga) dhisik first (dhi-sik) lan and (lan) mangan eat (ma-ngan) bareng-bareng together (ba-reng-ba-reng) 3.30b Donga (do-nga) pray dhisik (dhi-sik) first lan (lan) and mangan (ma-ngan) eat bareng-bareng (ba-reng-ba-reng) together

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

3.16 Jupuk beras lan wisiki nganti resik. Take rice and wash until clean.

3.17 Iris bawang abang lan bawang putih tipis. Slice red shallots and garlic thinly.

3.18 Goreng bumbu lan tambahi uyah sithik. Fry the spices and add a little salt.

3.19 Lebokake daging lan aduk alon-alon. Put in the meat and stir slowly.

3.20 Tambahi banyu lan santen kental. Add water and thick coconut milk.

3.21 Wadahi lombok ijo lan tomat mateng. Put in green chilies and ripe tomatoes.

3.22 Godhog nganti umob lan kurangi geni. Boil until bubbling and reduce the fire.

3.23 Cicip kuah lan tambahi gula yen perlu. Taste the broth and add sugar if needed.

3.24 Tunggu mateng lan mateni kompor. Wait until cooked and turn off the stove.

3.25 Tata ing piring lan taburi bawang goreng. Arrange on a plate and sprinkle with fried shallots.

3.26 Sajikake anget lan tambahi sambel yen seneng. Serve warm and add chili sauce if you like.

3.27 Siapke kerupuk lan lalapan seger. Prepare crackers and fresh raw vegetables.

3.28 Tuang wedang panas lan hidangke bebarengan. Pour hot drinks and serve together.

3.29 Eling resik piranti lan atur meja. Remember to clean utensils and arrange the table.

3.30 Donga dhisik lan mangan bareng-bareng. Pray first and eat together.

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

3.16 Jupuk beras lan wisiki nganti resik.

3.17 Iris bawang abang lan bawang putih tipis.

3.18 Goreng bumbu lan tambahi uyah sithik.

3.19 Lebokake daging lan aduk alon-alon.

3.20 Tambahi banyu lan santen kental.

3.21 Wadahi lombok ijo lan tomat mateng.

3.22 Godhog nganti umob lan kurangi geni.

3.23 Cicip kuah lan tambahi gula yen perlu.

3.24 Tunggu mateng lan mateni kompor.

3.25 Tata ing piring lan taburi bawang goreng.

3.26 Sajikake anget lan tambahi sambel yen seneng.

3.27 Siapke kerupuk lan lalapan seger.

3.28 Tuang wedang panas lan hidangke bebarengan.

3.29 Eling resik piranti lan atur meja.

3.30 Donga dhisik lan mangan bareng-bareng.

Section D (Grammar Notes for Recipe Genre)

In Javanese recipe instructions, lan serves specific grammatical functions that differ slightly from general usage:

Sequential Actions: In recipes, lan often connects actions that should be performed in sequence. The conjunction implies "then" as much as "and," showing the procedural nature of cooking instructions.

Imperative Mood: All verbs in these examples are in the imperative form (commands). When lan connects imperatives, it maintains the commanding tone throughout: "Jupuk lan wisiki" (Take and wash) means both actions are equally commanded.

Ingredient Combinations: When listing ingredients, lan specifically indicates items that work together: "bawang abang lan bawang putih" (shallots and garlic) suggests these form a flavor base together.

Conditional Connections: Notice phrases like "tambahi gula yen perlu" where lan connects the main instruction with a conditional addition, showing flexibility in recipes.

Cultural Imperative: The final example "Donga dhisik lan mangan bareng-bareng" reflects Javanese values where prayer and communal eating are connected as equally important acts.

Register in Recipes: Traditional recipes use standard lan throughout, avoiding regional variations to ensure clarity across Javanese-speaking regions.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

About This Course

The Latinum Institute has been creating online language learning materials since 2006, pioneering innovative approaches to self-directed language study. These Javanese lessons represent the Institute's commitment to making lesser-taught languages accessible to autodidacts worldwide.

The methodology employed in these lessons draws from the Institute's extensive experience teaching classical and modern languages. The interlinear glossing system, inspired by centuries-old language learning techniques, has been refined for modern learners who need to acquire languages efficiently without formal classroom instruction. You can explore the complete methodology at latinum.substack.com and latinum.org.uk.

Each lesson in this series builds vocabulary systematically while introducing grammatical concepts in context. The progression from simple word connections to complex literary texts mirrors natural language acquisition, allowing learners to develop intuitive understanding alongside analytical knowledge.

The inclusion of authentic literary citations and genre-specific sections reflects the Institute's belief that language learning should connect students with real cultural content from the earliest stages. Rather than artificial textbook sentences, learners encounter the living language as it appears in literature, daily communication, and cultural contexts.

The Latinum Institute's approach has earned recognition from language learners globally. Reviews and testimonials can be found at https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk, where students consistently praise the clarity and effectiveness of the self-study materials.

These lessons are designed to be used independently or as supplements to other learning resources. The consistent structure across all lessons - introduction, interlinear glossing, complete sentences, grammar explanation, cultural context, and literary exploration - provides a reliable framework that learners can navigate confidently.

For autodidacts, the detailed grammatical explanations and cultural notes provide the context typically supplied by teachers in traditional settings. The progressive difficulty within each lesson allows learners to challenge themselves while building on secure foundations.

The Latinum Institute continues to expand its offerings, with new languages and updated lessons added regularly. The Institute's commitment to open-access education means these materials remain freely available to learners worldwide, supporting the global community of independent language learners.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Introduction

In Javanese, the concept of "be" is expressed differently than in English. While English requires an explicit verb "to be" (am, is, are, was, were), Javanese often uses equational sentences without a verb, or employs words like yaiku (that is), iku (that/it is), or implies the copula through word order and context. This fundamental difference makes understanding Javanese "be" constructions essential for English speakers learning the language.

FAQ Schema Q: What does "be" mean in Javanese? A: In Javanese, "be" can be expressed through: 1) zero copula (no verb needed), 2) the word yaiku meaning "that is/namely", 3) the demonstrative iku meaning "that is", or 4) contextual implication. Unlike English, Javanese often omits the verb "to be" entirely.

This lesson presents 15 varied examples showing how "be" concepts are expressed in modern Central Javanese. You'll encounter different sentence structures, from simple identification ("This is a book") to more complex attributive statements ("She is beautiful"). The examples progress from basic nominal sentences to more sophisticated constructions.

Educational Schema Subject: Language Learning - Javanese for English Speakers Level: Beginner Topic: Copula and "Be" Constructions Skills: Reading comprehension, grammatical understanding, cultural awareness Prerequisites: Basic understanding of Javanese pronunciation

Key Takeaways:

• Javanese often omits the verb "to be" where English requires it

• The words yaiku and iku can express "is/are" in specific contexts

• Word order and particles indicate relationships that English expresses with "be"

• Cultural context influences when and how "be" concepts are expressed

• Javanese distinguishes speech levels which affect copula usage

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section A (Detailed Interlinear Glossing)

2.1a kitab (ki-tab) book iki (i-ki) this buku (bu-ku) book 2.1b book this book

2.2a dhiya (dhi-ya) she/he guru (gu-ru) teacher 2.2b she/he teacher

2.3a iku (i-ku) that yaiku (ya-i-ku) is-namely bapakku (ba-pak-ku) father-my 2.3b that is-namely father-my

2.4a wong (wong) person iki (i-ki) this bagus (ba-gus) good 2.4b person this good

2.5a aku (a-ku) I siswa (sis-wa) student 2.5b I student

2.6a bapak (ba-pak) father kesel (ke-sêl) tired 2.6b father tired

2.7a omah (o-mah) house kita (ki-ta) we iku (i-ku) that gedhé (ge-dhé) big 2.7b house we that big

2.8a wingi (wing-i) yesterday aku (a-ku) I nèng (nèng) in kota (ko-ta) city 2.8b yesterday I in city

2.9a iki (i-ki) this yaiku (ya-i-ku) is-namely buku (bu-ku) book kanggo (kang-go) for kowé (ko-wé) you 2.9b this is-namely book for you

2.10a bocah (bo-cah) child wedok (we-dok) female kuwi (ku-wi) that ayu (a-yu) beautiful 2.10b child female that beautiful

2.11a sapa (sa-pa) who kowé (ko-wé) you ki (ki) particle-question 2.11b who you particle-question

2.12a sega (se-ga) rice wis (wis) already mateng (ma-teng) cooked 2.12b rice already cooked

2.13a ibu (i-bu) mother kula (ku-la) I[formal] yaiku (ya-i-ku) is-namely dhokter (dhok-ter) doctor 2.13b mother I[formal] is-namely doctor

2.14a kucing (ku-cing) cat iku (i-ku) that luwe (lu-we) hungry 2.14b cat that hungry

2.15a nang (nang) where panjenengan (pan-je-neng-an) you[formal] 2.15b where you[formal]

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

2.1 Kitab iki buku. This book is a book.

2.2 Dhiya guru. She is a teacher.

2.3 Iku yaiku bapakku. That is my father.

2.4 Wong iki bagus. This person is good.

2.5 Aku siswa. I am a student.

2.6 Bapak kesel. Father is tired.

2.7 Omah kita iku gedhé. Our house is big.

2.8 Wingi aku nèng kota. Yesterday I was in the city.

2.9 Iki yaiku buku kanggo kowé. This is a book for you.

2.10 Bocah wedok kuwi ayu. That girl is beautiful.

2.11 Sapa kowé ki? Who are you?

2.12 Sega wis mateng. The rice is already cooked.

2.13 Ibu kula yaiku dhokter. My mother is a doctor.

2.14 Kucing iku luwe. That cat is hungry.

2.15 Nang endi panjenengan? Where are you [formal]?

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

2.1 Kitab iki buku.

2.2 Dhiya guru.

2.3 Iku yaiku bapakku.

2.4 Wong iki bagus.

2.5 Aku siswa.

2.6 Bapak kesel.

2.7 Omah kita iku gedhé.

2.8 Wingi aku nèng kota.

2.9 Iki yaiku buku kanggo kowé.

2.10 Bocah wedok kuwi ayu.

2.11 Sapa kowé ki?

2.12 Sega wis mateng.

2.13 Ibu kula yaiku dhokter.

2.14 Kucing iku luwe.

2.15 Nang endi panjenengan?

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D (Grammar Explanation for English Speakers)

Grammar Rules for "Be" in Javanese

The verb "to be" functions very differently in Javanese compared to English. Here are the primary patterns:

1. Zero Copula Construction Most commonly, Javanese simply omits any equivalent of "be":

• Subject + Predicate Noun: Dhiya guru = "She (is) teacher"

• Subject + Adjective: Bapak kesel = "Father (is) tired"

2. The Word yaiku (is/namely) Used for emphasis or clarification, especially when identifying or defining:

• Iku yaiku bapakku = "That is (namely) my father"

• Iki yaiku buku kanggo kowé = "This is a book for you"

3. Demonstratives iku/iki/kuwi as Copula These can function as "that is/this is":

• After the subject: Omah kita iku gedhé = "Our house, that (is) big"

• As subject: Iku bapakku = "That (is) my father"

4. Stative Verbs with wis (already) For states or conditions, often with wis:

• Sega wis mateng = "Rice already (is) cooked"

Common Mistakes:

• Overusing yaiku: English speakers often insert yaiku where Javanese would use zero copula

• Word order confusion: "The cat is hungry" = Kucing iku luwe NOT Iku kucing luwe

• Forgetting speech levels: aku (I-informal) vs. kula (I-formal) affects the whole sentence

• Translating "there is/are": Use ana or wonten, not copula constructions

Step-by-Step Guide to Forming "Be" Sentences:

1. Identify if you need emphasis/definition (use yaiku) or simple statement (use zero copula)

2. Place the subject first

3. For adjectives: Subject + (optional iku) + Adjective

4. For nouns: Subject + (optional yaiku) + Noun

5. For locations: Subject + nèng/ana + Place

Speech Levels and "Be":

• Ngoko (informal): Kowé siswa = "You are a student"

• Krama (formal): Panjenengan siswa = "You are a student"

• The copula construction remains the same, but pronouns and vocabulary change

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section E (Cultural Context)

Understanding how Javanese expresses "be" reveals deep cultural values. The frequent omission of an explicit copula reflects a worldview where states and identities are understood through context and relationship rather than explicit verbal assertion. This linguistic feature connects to Javanese concepts of rukun (harmony) and indirect communication.

The distinction between ngoko and krama speech levels profoundly affects how "be" constructions are used. When speaking to elders or social superiors, speakers must adjust not just vocabulary but entire sentence patterns. For instance, "I am a student" becomes Kula siswa in formal speech versus Aku siswa in informal contexts.

The use of yaiku for emphasis or definition often appears in educational or formal contexts, reflecting Javanese pedagogical traditions where clear identification and classification are valued. In daily conversation, however, its overuse can sound pedantic or foreign.

Javanese speakers also distinguish between temporary states and permanent characteristics through their choice of construction. Temporary states like kesel (tired) or luwe (hungry) typically use zero copula, while more permanent identifications might employ yaiku.

The influence of Indonesian/Malay on modern Javanese has introduced adalah as another option for "be," though traditional speakers may avoid this in pure Javanese contexts. This represents ongoing language contact and change in contemporary Java.

While Javanese script (aksara Jawa or hanacaraka) remains culturally important and is still taught in schools in Central and East Java, most contemporary written Javanese uses Latin script. Street signs, newspapers, and digital communication predominantly use romanization, making it essential for learners to master the Latin script system.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section F (Literary Citation)

From the classical Javanese text Serat Wedhatama by Mangkunegara IV (19th century):

"Ngelmu iku kalakone kanthi laku, lekase lawan kas, tegese kas nyantosani, setya budya pangekese dur angkara."

Part F-A (Interlinear Analysis)

ngelmu (ngel-mu) knowledge iku (i-ku) that kalakone (ka-la-ko-ne) obtained kanthi (kan-thi) through laku (la-ku) practice

lekase (le-ka-se) achieved lawan (la-wan) with kas (kas) diligence

tegese (te-ge-se) meaning kas (kas) diligence nyantosani (nyan-to-sa-ni) strengthens

setya (set-ya) faithful budya (bud-ya) intention pangekese (pa-nge-ke-se) restraint-of dur (dur) evil angkara (ang-ka-ra) nature

Part F-B (Complete Translation)

Ngelmu iku kalakone kanthi laku, lekase lawan kas, tegese kas nyantosani, setya budya pangekese dur angkara.

Knowledge is obtained through practice, achieved with diligence; this means diligence strengthens faithful intention in restraining evil nature.

Part F-C (Literary Text in Javanese)

Ngelmu iku kalakone kanthi laku, lekase lawan kas, tegese kas nyantosani, setya budya pangekese dur angkara.

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

This passage demonstrates the literary use of iku as a copula-like element. Note how ngelmu iku kalakone places iku between subject and predicate, creating emphasis. The construction shows that in elevated Javanese literature, iku can function similarly to "is" when making philosophical statements. The passive verbal forms (kalakone, lekase) create nominal predicates that pattern with copula constructions. This classical usage influences formal modern Javanese, where iku appears more frequently than in colloquial speech.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Genre Section: Traditional Javanese Family Life

Section A (Detailed Interlinear Glossing)

2.16a mbah (mbah) grandmother kula (ku-la) my iku (i-ku) that wong (wong) person pinter (pin-ter) clever 2.16b grandmother my that person clever

2.17a saben (sa-ben) every dina (di-na) day kakek (ka-kek) grandfather nèng (nèng) in sawah (sa-wah) rice-field 2.17b every day grandfather in rice-field

2.18a keluarga (ke-lu-war-ga) family kita (ki-ta) we iku (i-ku) that gedhé (ge-dhé) big lan (lan) and rukun (ru-kun) harmonious 2.18b family we that big and harmonious

2.19a anak (a-nak) child lanang (la-nang) male kuwi (ku-wi) that yaiku (ya-i-ku) is-namely ponakan (po-na-kan) nephew kula (ku-la) my 2.19b child male that is-namely nephew my

2.20a bibik (bi-bik) aunt wis (wis) already tuwa (tu-wa) old nanging (na-nging) but tetep (te-tep) still kuwat (ku-wat) strong 2.20b aunt already old but still strong

2.21a pakdhé (pak-dhé) uncle saking (sa-king) from Surabaya (su-ra-ba-ya) Surabaya yaiku (ya-i-ku) is-namely dhokter (dhok-ter) doctor 2.21b uncle from Surabaya is-namely doctor

2.22a omah (o-mah) house kita (ki-ta) our penuh (pe-nuh) full karo (ka-ro) with guyu (gu-yu) laughter 2.22b house our full with laughter

2.23a yen (yen) when soré (so-ré) evening keluarga (ke-lu-war-ga) family padha (pa-dha) all kumpul (kum-pul) gather 2.23b when evening family all gather

2.24a adhik (a-dhik) younger-sibling kula (ku-la) my iku (i-ku) that durung (du-rung) not-yet sekolah (se-ko-lah) school 2.24b younger-sibling my that not-yet school

2.25a panganan (pa-nga-nan) food ibu (i-bu) mother iku (i-ku) that tansah (tan-sah) always enak (e-nak) delicious 2.25b food mother that always delicious

2.26a wektu (wek-tu) time lebaran (le-ba-ran) holiday keluarga (ke-lu-war-ga) family seneng (se-neng) happy 2.26b time holiday family happy

2.27a bocah (bo-cah) children cilik (ci-lik) small padha (pa-dha) all yaiku (ya-i-ku) is-namely putu (pu-tu) grandchildren kula (ku-la) my 2.27b children small all is-namely grandchildren my

2.28a sedulur (se-du-lur) relatives kabèh (ka-bèh) all rukun (ru-kun) harmonious lan (lan) and gotong-royong (go-tong-ro-yong) mutual-help 2.28b relatives all harmonious and mutual-help

2.29a tradhisi (tra-dhi-si) tradition keluarga (ke-lu-war-ga) family kita (ki-ta) our iku (i-ku) that kuwat (ku-wat) strong 2.29b tradition family our that strong

2.30a saben (sa-ben) every Minggu (Ming-gu) Sunday kita (ki-ta) we kabèh (ka-bèh) all mangan (ma-ngan) eat bareng (ba-reng) together 2.30b every Sunday we all eat together

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

2.16 Mbah kula iku wong pinter. My grandmother is a clever person.

2.17 Saben dina kakek nèng sawah. Every day grandfather is in the rice field.

2.18 Keluarga kita iku gedhé lan rukun. Our family is big and harmonious.

2.19 Anak lanang kuwi yaiku ponakan kula. That boy is my nephew.

2.20 Bibik wis tuwa nanging tetep kuwat. Aunt is already old but still strong.

2.21 Pakdhé saking Surabaya yaiku dhokter. Uncle from Surabaya is a doctor.

2.22 Omah kita penuh karo guyu. Our house is full of laughter.

2.23 Yen soré keluarga padha kumpul. When evening [comes], the family gathers.

2.24 Adhik kula iku durung sekolah. My younger sibling is not yet in school.

2.25 Panganan ibu iku tansah enak. Mother's food is always delicious.

2.26 Wektu lebaran keluarga seneng. During Eid holiday the family is happy.

2.27 Bocah cilik padha yaiku putu kula. The small children are all my grandchildren.

2.28 Sedulur kabèh rukun lan gotong-royong. All relatives are harmonious and help each other.

2.29 Tradhisi keluarga kita iku kuwat. Our family tradition is strong.

2.30 Saben Minggu kita kabèh mangan bareng. Every Sunday we all eat together.

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

2.16 Mbah kula iku wong pinter.

2.17 Saben dina kakek nèng sawah.

2.18 Keluarga kita iku gedhé lan rukun.

2.19 Anak lanang kuwi yaiku ponakan kula.

2.20 Bibik wis tuwa nanging tetep kuwat.

2.21 Pakdhé saking Surabaya yaiku dhokter.

2.22 Omah kita penuh karo guyu.

2.23 Yen soré keluarga padha kumpul.

2.24 Adhik kula iku durung sekolah.

2.25 Panganan ibu iku tansah enak.

2.26 Wektu lebaran keluarga seneng.

2.27 Bocah cilik padha yaiku putu kula.

2.28 Sedulur kabèh rukun lan gotong-royong.

2.29 Tradhisi keluarga kita iku kuwat.

2.30 Saben Minggu kita kabèh mangan bareng.

Section D (Grammar Notes for Family Life Genre)

In family-related discourse, Javanese "be" constructions show particular patterns:

Kinship Terms and Zero Copula: Family relationships typically use zero copula:

• Mbah kula wong pinter = "My grandmother (is) clever person"

• Pakdhé dhokter = "Uncle (is) doctor"

Demonstrative iku for Emphasis: When clarifying family relationships, iku adds emphasis:

• Adhik kula iku durung sekolah = "My younger sibling, that one, (is) not yet in school"

The Identifier yaiku: Used for formal identification of family members:

• Anak lanang kuwi yaiku ponakan kula = "That boy is (identified as) my nephew"

Stative Expressions in Family Contexts: Family states use adjectives directly:

• Keluarga seneng = "Family (is) happy"

• Sedulur kabèh rukun = "All relatives (are) harmonious"

Speech Levels in Family: Note the formal kula (my) used even in family contexts, showing respect. The choice between aku and kula affects the entire construction's formality level.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

About This Course

The Latinum Institute has been creating innovative online language learning materials since 2006, pioneering self-directed learning approaches for classical and modern languages. These lessons follow the Institute's proven method of interlinear texts, allowing autodidacts to learn languages naturally through extensive reading with immediate comprehension support.

Each lesson in this Javanese series follows a structured format developed through years of online teaching experience. The interlinear glossing in Section A provides word-by-word understanding, while the parallel texts in Section B reinforce natural sentence patterns. Section C offers pure target language exposure, building toward independent reading ability.

The method draws inspiration from Renaissance polyglots who learned through parallel texts and extensive reading. By providing grammatical explanations tailored for English speakers (Section D), cultural context (Section E), and authentic literary excerpts (Section F), learners gain both linguistic competence and cultural literacy.

The genre sections introduce learners to different registers and contexts of language use, from formal literary style to colloquial family conversations. This approach ensures practical communicative ability alongside grammatical accuracy.

The Latinum Institute's materials are especially valuable for self-directed learners who may not have access to traditional classroom instruction. The comprehensive glossing and clear explanations allow students to progress at their own pace while maintaining high standards of accuracy.

For more information about the Latinum Institute's methods and materials, visit latinum.substack.com and latinum.org.uk.

User reviews and testimonials can be found at: https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Introduction

In Javanese, there is no direct equivalent to the English definite article "the". Javanese expresses definiteness through context, word order, demonstratives (iki "this", kuwi/iku "that"), and specific particles. This fundamental difference makes understanding Javanese articles one of the first important steps for English speakers learning the language.

Definition: The English word "the" is a definite article that specifies a particular noun as something already known or uniquely identifiable. In Javanese, this definiteness is expressed through:

• Context and word order

• Demonstratives: iki (this), kuwi/iku (that), kae (that over there)

• The suffix -é/-né (indicating "the" in possessive or specific contexts)

• Word position in the sentence

FAQ: What does "the" mean in Javanese? Q: How do I say "the" in Javanese? A: There is no single word for "the" in Javanese. Instead, Javanese uses demonstratives (iki, kuwi), suffixes (-é/-né), or relies on context to indicate definiteness. For example, "the book" can be "buku" (when context is clear), "buku iki" (this book), or "bukuné" (the book/his book).

How this topic will be used in the lesson examples: This lesson presents 15 varied examples showing how English sentences containing "the" are naturally expressed in Javanese. You'll see different strategies Javanese uses to convey definiteness, including demonstratives, suffixes, and contextual clarity.

Educational Schema:

• Subject: Language Learning - Javanese for English Speakers

• Level: Beginner

• Topic: Definite Article Expression

• Learning Objective: Understanding how definiteness is expressed in Javanese

• Lesson Type: Comparative Grammar Study

• Duration: Self-paced study material

Key Takeaways:

1. Javanese has no direct equivalent to English "the"

2. Definiteness is expressed through demonstratives (iki, kuwi, kae)

3. The suffix -é/-né can indicate specific or definite reference

4. Context and word order often suffice to indicate definiteness

5. Understanding this difference is crucial for natural Javanese expression

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section A (Detailed English-Javanese Interlinear Text)

1.1 The - sun srengéngé (sreng-éng-é) sun-the rises munggah (mung-gah) rises in ing (ing) in the - east wétan (wé-tan) east

1.2 I aku (a-ku) I saw weruh (we-ruh) saw the - teacher guru (gu-ru) teacher at ing (ing) at school sekolah (se-ko-lah) school

1.3 The - children bocah-bocah (bo-cah-bo-cah) children play dolanan (do-la-nan) play in ing (ing) in the - garden kebon (ke-bon) garden that kuwi (ku-wi) that

1.4 She dhèwèké (dhè-wè-ké) she reads maca (ma-ca) reads the - book buku (bu-ku) book this iki (i-ki) this every saben (sa-ben) every day dina (di-na) day

1.5 The - rice sega (se-ga) rice on ing (ing) on the - table méja (mé-ja) table that kuwi (ku-wi) that is - hot panas (pa-nas) hot

1.6 Where endi (en-di) where is - the - market pasar (pa-sar) market that sing (sing) that big gedhé (ge-dhé) big

1.7 The - man wong (wong) person that sing (sing) that tall dhuwur (dhu-wur) tall is kuwi (ku-wi) is my - father bapakku (ba-pak-ku) my-father

1.8 Close tutup (tu-tup) close the - door lawang (la-wang) door that kuwi (ku-wi) that please tulung (tu-lung) please

1.9 The - water banyu (ba-nyu) water in ing (ing) in the - river kali (ka-li) river flows mili (mi-li) flows fast cepet (ce-pet) fast

1.10 They wong-wong (wong-wong) people those kuwi (ku-wi) those went lunga (lung-a) went to menyang (me-nyang) to the - traditional - market peken (pe-ken) traditional-market

1.11 The - moon rembulan (rem-bu-lan) moon that sing (sing) that bright padhang (pa-dhang) bright shines sumunar (su-mu-nar) shines at ing (ing) at night wengi (weng-i) night

1.12 Give wènèhna (wè-nèh-na) give me aku (a-ku) me the - salt uyah (u-yah) salt that kuwi (ku-wi) that

1.13 The - house omah (o-mah) house his -é (-é) his is - near cedhak (ce-dhak) near the - mosque mesjid (mes-jid) mosque

1.14 She dhèwèké (dhè-wè-ké) she cooks masak (ma-sak) cooks in ing (ing) in the - kitchen pawon (pa-won) kitchen every saben (sa-ben) every morning ésuk (é-suk) morning

1.15 The - story crita (cri-ta) story that sing (sing) that you kowé (ko-wé) you told critakaké (cri-ta-ka-ké) told was - very banget (ba-nget) very interesting narik (na-rik) interesting

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

1.1 Srengéngé munggah ing wétan. The sun rises in the east.

1.2 Aku weruh guru ing sekolah. I saw the teacher at school.

1.3 Bocah-bocah dolanan ing kebon kuwi. The children play in that garden.

1.4 Dhèwèké maca buku iki saben dina. She reads this book every day.

1.5 Sega ing méja kuwi panas. The rice on that table is hot.

1.6 Endi pasar sing gedhé? Where is the big market?

1.7 Wong sing dhuwur kuwi bapakku. The tall man is my father.

1.8 Tulung tutup lawang kuwi. Please close that door.

1.9 Banyu ing kali mili cepet. The water in the river flows fast.

1.10 Wong-wong kuwi lunga menyang peken. Those people went to the traditional market.

1.11 Rembulan sing padhang sumunar ing wengi. The bright moon shines at night.

1.12 Wènèhna aku uyah kuwi. Give me that salt.

1.13 Omahé cedhak mesjid. His house is near the mosque.

1.14 Dhèwèké masak ing pawon saben ésuk. She cooks in the kitchen every morning.

1.15 Crita sing kowé critakaké narik banget. The story that you told was very interesting.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

1.1 Srengéngé munggah ing wétan.

1.2 Aku weruh guru ing sekolah.

1.3 Bocah-bocah dolanan ing kebon kuwi.

1.4 Dhèwèké maca buku iki saben dina.

1.5 Sega ing méja kuwi panas.

1.6 Endi pasar sing gedhé?

1.7 Wong sing dhuwur kuwi bapakku.

1.8 Tulung tutup lawang kuwi.

1.9 Banyu ing kali mili cepet.

1.10 Wong-wong kuwi lunga menyang peken.

1.11 Rembulan sing padhang sumunar ing wengi.

1.12 Wènèhna aku uyah kuwi.

1.13 Omahé cedhak mesjid.

1.14 Dhèwèké masak ing pawon saben ésuk.

1.15 Crita sing kowé critakaké narik banget.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D (Grammar Explanation for English Speakers)

Grammar Rules for Expressing "The" in Javanese

Javanese does not have a definite article equivalent to English "the". Instead, Javanese uses several strategies to indicate definiteness:

1. Demonstratives as Definite Markers

• iki (this) - for objects near the speaker

• kuwi/iku (that) - for objects near the listener or at middle distance

• kae (that over there) - for objects far from both speaker and listener

Example: "the book" can be expressed as:

• buku iki (this book = the book near me)

• buku kuwi (that book = the book you're referring to)

2. The Suffix -é/-né This suffix can indicate:

• Possession: omahé (his/her house, the house)

• Specific reference: srengéngé (the sun - as there's only one)

• Topic marking: bukuné apik (the book is good)

The form -é is used after consonants: omahé (the house) The form -né is used after vowels: kumbanané (the blanket)

3. Word Order and Context Often, Javanese relies on context alone:

• Guru teka (Teacher comes = The teacher comes)

• Aku weruh kucing (I saw cat = I saw the cat)

4. The Relative Particle "sing" Used to create definite descriptions:

• wong sing dhuwur (person who tall = the tall person)

• omah sing gedhé (house which big = the big house)

Common Mistakes:

1. Over-using demonstratives: English speakers often add iki/kuwi to every noun, making speech unnatural. Use them only when emphasis or clarification is needed.

2. Misusing -é/-né: This suffix primarily indicates possession or very specific reference, not general definiteness.

3. Word-for-word translation: Trying to translate every English "the" leads to awkward Javanese.

4. Ignoring context: Javanese speakers rely heavily on context; not every definite reference needs marking.

Comparison with English:

• English: Requires "the" for all definite references

• Javanese: Uses context, demonstratives, or suffixes only when needed

• English: "The" is obligatory

• Javanese: Definiteness markers are optional and context-dependent

Step-by-Step Guide to Expressing Definiteness:

1. Ask: Is the object physically present?

   • If yes, consider using iki (near) or kuwi (far)

2. Ask: Is it unique or previously mentioned?

   • If unique (sun, moon), consider -é suffix

   • If previously mentioned, context may suffice

3. Ask: Do I need to distinguish it from others?

   • If yes, use sing + description

   • If no, unmarked form is fine

4. When in doubt, use the unmarked form and let context work

Summary of Definiteness Markers:

• No marker (context): guru (teacher/the teacher)

• Demonstrative: guru iki (this teacher/the teacher)

• Suffix: gurué (his teacher/the teacher)

• Relative clause: guru sing pinter (the smart teacher)

• Position: Often first in sentence indicates definiteness

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section E (Cultural Context)

Understanding how Javanese expresses definiteness reveals important cultural values. Javanese culture emphasizes context, relationships, and implicit understanding over explicit marking. This linguistic feature reflects the Javanese cultural preference for subtlety and indirect communication.

In Javanese society, speakers assume shared knowledge and context. The absence of obligatory definite articles means speakers must be more attuned to their conversational context and their relationship with the listener. This linguistic feature reinforces the Javanese value of "tanggap" (sensitivity to context) and "empan papan" (knowing one's place in social situations).

The use of demonstratives (iki, kuwi, kae) in Javanese often relates to social distance as well as physical distance. Using kuwi for something near your conversation partner shows respect for their space and acknowledges their perspective.

The suffix -é/-né often indicates not just definiteness but also familiarity and possession, reflecting the Javanese focus on relationships and belonging. When Javanese speakers say "omahé" (the house/his house), they're often indicating a house that belongs within their social sphere of knowledge.

For English speakers learning Javanese, adapting to this system requires developing a new sensitivity to context and an acceptance of ambiguity. This linguistic difference offers a window into Javanese thinking patterns where explicit marking is less important than contextual understanding and social harmony.

In traditional Javanese literature and formal speech, definiteness is often indicated through word order and literary conventions rather than explicit markers, showing how language use varies with social register - another important aspect of Javanese culture.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section F (Literary Citation)

From the Javanese chronicle "Babad Tanah Jawi" (Chronicle of the Land of Java):

Part F-A (Interleaved Text - Construed for Beginners)

In ing (ing) in ancient kuna (ku-na) ancient times jaman (ja-man) times lived ana (a-na) there-was a - king ratu (ra-tu) king in ing (ing) in land tanah (ta-nah) land Java Jawi (Ja-wi) Java. The - king sang (sang) the prabu prabu (pra-bu) king that kuwi (ku-wi) that ruled jumeneng (ju-me-neng) ruled with kanthi (kan-thi) with justice adil (a-dil) justice. The - people kawula (ka-wu-la) people his -né (-né) his lived urip (u-rip) lived in ing (ing) in peace tentrem (ten-trem) peace and lan (lan) and prosperity mulya (mul-ya) prosperity.

Part F-B (Complete Translation)

Ing jaman kuna ana ratu ing tanah Jawi. Sang prabu kuwi jumeneng kanthi adil. Kawulané urip ing tentrem lan mulya.

In ancient times there lived a king in the land of Java. That king ruled with justice. His people lived in peace and prosperity.

Part F-C (Javanese Text Only)

Ing jaman kuna ana ratu ing tanah Jawi. Sang prabu kuwi jumeneng kanthi adil. Kawulané urip ing tentrem lan mulya.

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

This passage demonstrates several ways Javanese indicates definiteness without using a direct equivalent of "the":

1. "Sang prabu" - The honorific "sang" before "prabu" (king) serves a similar function to "the" in marking this as a specific, definite king.

2. "kuwi" (that) - Used after "sang prabu" to further specify "that king" we just mentioned.

3. "Kawulané" - The suffix -né on "kawula" (people) indicates "his people," making it definite through possession.

4. Word order - "Ing jaman kuna" (in ancient times) comes first, setting the definite temporal context.

5. Context - "tanah Jawi" (land of Java) needs no marker because Java is unique and well-known to readers.

The passage shows how classical Javanese literature uses honorifics (sang), demonstratives (kuwi), possessive suffixes (-né), and contextual understanding to create definite references without a definite article.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Genre Section: Daily Conversation at the Traditional Market

Section A (Detailed English-Javanese Interlinear Text)

1.16 Good - morning sugeng (su-geng) good enjing enjing (en-jing) morning, where endi (en-di) where the - vegetable janganan (jang-an-an) vegetable seller bakul (ba-kul) seller that sing (sing) that usually biasané (bi-a-sa-né) usually here kéné (ké-né) here

1.17 The - one sing (sing) that sells dodol (do-dol) sells cabbage kol (kol) cabbage and lan (lan) and spinach bayem (ba-yem) spinach moved pindah (pin-dah) moved to menyang (me-nyang) to the - corner pojok (po-jok) corner over there kana (ka-na) over-there

1.18 How much pira (pi-ra) how-much the - price regané (re-ga-né) price-the of - the - tomatoes tomat (to-mat) tomatoes this iki (i-ki) this per sak (sak) per kilogram kilo (ki-lo) kilogram

1.19 The - tomatoes tomat (to-mat) tomatoes that kuwi (ku-wi) that twenty rong (rong) two puluh puluh (pu-luh) ten thousand èwu (è-wu) thousand but ning (ning) but the - red abang (a-bang) red ones sing (sing) that really tenan (te-nan) really ripe mateng (ma-teng) ripe

1.20 I aku (a-ku) I want arep (a-rep) want to buy tuku (tu-ku) buy the - chicken pitik (pi-tik) chicken that sing (sing) that big gedhé (ge-dhé) big for kanggo (kang-go) for the - ceremony slametan (sla-me-tan) ceremony tomorrow sésuk (sé-suk) tomorrow

1.21 The - fish iwak (i-wak) fish seller bakul (ba-kul) seller that kae (ka-e) that has duwé (du-wé) has fresh seger (se-ger) fresh fish iwak (i-wak) fish from saka (sa-ka) from the - sea segara (se-ga-ra) sea

1.22 Give wènèhna (wè-nèh-na) give me aku (a-ku) me the - chili lombok (lom-bok) chili peppers - that sing (sing) that spicy pedhes (pe-dhes) spicy half setengah (se-teng-ah) half a - kilogram kilo (ki-lo) kilogram

1.23 The - price rega (re-ga) price of - the - onions brambang (bram-bang) onions today dina (di-na) day iki iki (i-ki) this went up munggah (mung-gah) went-up because merga (mer-ga) because the - rain udan (u-dan) rain yesterday wingi (wing-i) yesterday

1.24 Where endi (en-di) where can bisa (bi-sa) can I aku (a-ku) I find nemu (ne-mu) find the - seller bakul (ba-kul) seller of - the - coconuts klapa (kla-pa) coconuts young enom (e-nom) young

1.25 The - fruit woh-wohan (woh-woh-an) fruits at ing (ing) at the - stall warung (wa-rung) stall that kono (ko-no) there always mesthi (mes-thi) always fresh seger (se-ger) fresh and lan (lan) and sweet legi (le-gi) sweet

1.26 Please tulung (tu-lung) please wrap bungkus (bung-kus) wrap the - vegetables janganan (jang-an-an) vegetables these iki (i-ki) these with nganggo (ngang-go) with the - banana gedhang (ge-dhang) banana leaves godhong (go-dhong) leaves

1.27 The - lady mbak (mbak) lady who sing (sing) who sells dodol (do-dol) sells tempeh témpe (tém-pe) tempeh usually biasané (bi-a-sa-né) usually comes teka (te-ka) comes at jam (jam) hour five lima (li-ma) five in the morning ésuk (é-suk) morning

1.28 I aku (a-ku) I already wis (wis) already bought tuku (tu-ku) bought the - rice beras (be-ras) rice at ing (ing) at the - shop toko (to-ko) shop that sing (sing) that near cedhak (ce-dhak) near the - entrance gapura (ga-pu-ra) entrance

1.29 The - market pasar (pa-sar) market this iki (i-ki) this more luwih (lu-wih) more crowded rame (ra-me) crowded than tinimbang (ti-nim-bang) than the - market pasar (pa-sar) market near cedhak (ce-dhak) near my - house omahku (o-mah-ku) my-house

1.30 Don't aja (a-ja) don't forget lali (la-li) forget to bring gawa (ga-wa) bring the - basket kranjang (kran-jang) basket that sing (sing) that big gedhé (ge-dhé) big tomorrow sésuk (sé-suk) tomorrow

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B (Complete Javanese Sentences with English Translation)

1.16 Sugeng enjing, endi bakul janganan sing biasané kéné? Good morning, where is the vegetable seller that's usually here?

1.17 Sing dodol kol lan bayem pindah menyang pojok kana. The one selling cabbage and spinach moved to the corner over there.

1.18 Pira regané tomat iki sak kilo? How much is the price of these tomatoes per kilogram?

1.19 Tomat kuwi rong puluh èwu ning sing abang mateng tenan. Those tomatoes are twenty thousand but the really ripe red ones.

1.20 Aku arep tuku pitik sing gedhé kanggo slametan sésuk. I want to buy the big chicken for tomorrow's ceremony.

1.21 Bakul iwak kae duwé iwak seger saka segara. That fish seller has fresh fish from the sea.

1.22 Wènèhna aku lombok sing pedhes setengah kilo. Give me half a kilogram of the spicy chili peppers.

1.23 Rega brambang dina iki munggah merga udan wingi. The price of onions today went up because of yesterday's rain.

1.24 Endi aku bisa nemu bakul klapa enom? Where can I find the young coconut seller?

1.25 Woh-wohan ing warung kono mesthi seger lan legi. The fruits at that stall are always fresh and sweet.

1.26 Tulung bungkus janganan iki nganggo godhong gedhang. Please wrap these vegetables with banana leaves.

1.27 Mbak sing dodol témpe biasané teka jam lima ésuk. The lady who sells tempeh usually comes at five in the morning.

1.28 Aku wis tuku beras ing toko sing cedhak gapura. I already bought rice at the shop near the entrance.

1.29 Pasar iki luwih rame tinimbang pasar cedhak omahku. This market is more crowded than the market near my house.

1.30 Aja lali gawa kranjang sing gedhé sésuk. Don't forget to bring the big basket tomorrow.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C (Javanese Text Only)

1.16 Sugeng enjing, endi bakul janganan sing biasané kéné?

1.17 Sing dodol kol lan bayem pindah menyang pojok kana.

1.18 Pira regané tomat iki sak kilo?

1.19 Tomat kuwi rong puluh èwu ning sing abang mateng tenan.

1.20 Aku arep tuku pitik sing gedhé kanggo slametan sésuk.

1.21 Bakul iwak kae duwé iwak seger saka segara.

1.22 Wènèhna aku lombok sing pedhes setengah kilo.

1.23 Rega brambang dina iki munggah merga udan wingi.

1.24 Endi aku bisa nemu bakul klapa enom?

1.25 Woh-wohan ing warung kono mesthi seger lan legi.

1.26 Tulung bungkus janganan iki nganggo godhong gedhang.

1.27 Mbak sing dodol témpe biasané teka jam lima ésuk.

1.28 Aku wis tuku beras ing toko sing cedhak gapura.

1.29 Pasar iki luwih rame tinimbang pasar cedhak omahku.

1.30 Aja lali gawa kranjang sing gedhé sésuk.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D (Grammar Notes for Market Conversation Genre)

Special Features of Market Language and Definiteness

1. Questions About Location Market conversations often begin with "endi" (where) to locate specific sellers:

• endi bakul... (where is the seller...)

• Note: No article needed before "bakul" (seller)

2. The Particle "sing" in Descriptions Very common in market talk for identifying specific items or people:

• pitik sing gedhé (the big chicken)

• lombok sing pedhes (the spicy chilies)

• mbak sing dodol témpe (the lady who sells tempeh)

3. Demonstratives in Bargaining Context

• iki (this) - for items being examined

• kuwi (that) - for items at middle distance

• kae/kono/kana (over there) - for distant stalls or sellers

4. Possessive -né for Prices Common pattern: regané (the price):

• regané pira? (what's the price?)

• Shows definiteness through possession/specification

5. Time and Place Specificity Market language uses specific markers for regular sellers:

• sing biasané kéné (that's usually here)

• mesthi (always) - implies definite knowledge

6. Common Market Phrases Without Articles

• tuku pitik (buy chicken) - context makes it definite

• dodol témpe (sell tempeh) - profession/habitual action

• ing pasar (at market) - location understood

7. Measurement Terms No articles needed with measurements:

• sak kilo (per kilogram)

• setengah kilo (half a kilogram)

Conversational Patterns:

1. Greeting + location question

2. Specific description using "sing"

3. Price inquiry with "regané"

4. Quantity specification

5. Polite requests with "tulung"

This market genre shows how Javanese relies heavily on context and routine patterns rather than explicit definiteness marking in everyday transactions.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

About This Course

The Latinum Institute has been creating innovative online language learning materials since 2006, pioneering self-directed learning approaches that empower autodidacts worldwide. These lessons represent a unique approach to language learning, based on the interlinear method refined over nearly two decades of online teaching experience.

The Method These lessons use a carefully structured approach that builds understanding through multiple representations of the same material:

• Detailed interlinear glossing breaks down every element for beginners

• Complete sentences show natural language flow

• Progressive difficulty builds confidence systematically

• Cultural context integrates language with understanding

For Autodidacts Self-directed learners benefit from:

• Complete transparency in translation

• No assumed prior knowledge

• Multiple passes through the same material

• Clear grammatical explanations without jargon

• Authentic texts with scholarly apparatus

Course Structure Each lesson follows a consistent pattern:

1. Introduction with clear learning objectives

2. Interlinear text for detailed study

3. Natural sentences with translations

4. Target language immersion

5. Comprehensive grammar explanations

6. Cultural insights

7. Literary examples

8. Genre-specific applications

Why This Method Works The interlinear approach allows learners to:

• See immediate word-for-word correspondences

• Understand grammatical relationships visually

• Build vocabulary naturally through repetition

• Develop intuition for language patterns

• Progress at their own pace

The Latinum Institute Advantage Drawing from extensive experience documented at latinum.substack.com and latinum.org.uk, these materials represent best practices in:

• Classical language pedagogy adapted for modern languages

• Self-paced learning design

• Comprehensive yet accessible explanations

• Authentic cultural integration

Student Success The Latinum Institute's approach has earned recognition for its effectiveness. Reviews and testimonials can be found at: https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk

These Javanese lessons apply the same rigorous methodology that has helped thousands of students master classical and modern languages independently. By presenting multiple perspectives on the same material and building understanding systematically, learners develop both practical communication skills and deep cultural understanding.

For more information about the method and additional resources, visit latinum.substack.com and latinum.org.uk.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾